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Ultratrace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Relevance of silicon to injury rehabilitation revolves around its recent roles in metabolism of connective tissue cells and structural roles in cartilage and bone.1041–1044,1076–1079 Silicon probably forms silanolate ester-like linkages with organic molecules (glycosaminoglycans or cellular matrix proteins?) in connective tissues.1080 Silicon is concentrated in connective tissues of the body (cartilage, bone, skin, tendons, trachea, aorta), which suggests a role in homeostasis of these tissues.1076 Silicon appears to be intimately involved with calcification of cartilage and osteoid in bone formation.1043,1076,1079 Possible associations with osteonectin have been proposed.1043 Silicon is necessary for optimal activity of bone prolylhydroxylase and prolyl-4-hydroxylase, galactosyl-hydroxylysyl glucosyltransferase, and lysyl oxidase.1076 Also, silicon is a major intracellular ion of osteogenic cells, especially during periods of metabolic activation.1079 In osteoblast culture, silicon enhanced DNA synthesis, an anabolic event.1081 Thus, by virtue of enzyme activation, structural cross-linkings, or interactions with calcification proteins, silicon appears helpful for formation of connective tissues, especially bone and cartilage.
Veterinary Medicine’s Advances in Regenerative Orthopedics
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Sophie H. Bogers, Jennifer G. Barrett
Equine BMSCs and AdMSCs show inherent differences in differentiation potential, senescence and immunophenotype/stem cell markers. Equine BMSCs (eBMSCs) have increased expression of osteogenic markers compared to AdMSCs when stimulated to undergo osteogenic differentiation, but there is no difference in calcium deposition and ALP activity (Toupadakis et al., 2010). Chondrogenesis was found to be more efficient in BMSCs compared with AdMSCs (Vidal et al., 2008). BMSCs senesce after fewer population doublings, with senescence at 30 population doublings (~10th passage), whereas AdMSCs senesced at around 70 population doublings (Vidal et al., 2011). Osteonectin, a genetic marker for osteogenic differentiation, was expressed in both AdMSCs and BMSCs as they underwent senescence and was increased at passages 3–4 in BMSCs (Vidal et al., 2011). Therefore, use of low passage BMSCs may reduce the chance of osteogenic differentiation: however, there are no reports of heterotopic calcification in horses attributed to BMSCs treatment in studies using serial ultrasonography (Pacini et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2013; Smith, 2008). BMSCs remain the MSC source with the widest use and most research for equine orthopedic disease, while AdMSCs are predominant in canine, with no direct comparisons to AdMSCs for efficacy in specific disease conditions or species.
Engineering Bone Formation with Biologically Inspired Nanomaterials
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
The combination of a hard inorganic nanoparticulate phase and an elastic collagen network provides bone with unique mechanical properties while facilitating communication with the cellular environment [58,82,83]. Unique factors that contribute to the toughness of bone are the presence of nanosize apatite crystals, a dense network of collagen fibers on which the mineral crystals are deposited, and the acidic proteins with the ability to link the calcium-binding apatite crystals to the collagen fibers to form a completely crosslinked network [84,85]. One of the proteins with bone-specific functions is osteonectin or bone connector because it has a strong affinity for both collagen and HA and it is believed to be a nucleator of mineralization [86,87].
In vitro osteogenic differentiation of stem cells with different sources on composite scaffold containing natural bioceramic and polycaprolactone
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini, Fatemeh Soleimanifar, Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi, Saeid Vakilian, Majid Mossahebi-Mohammadi, Seyed Ehsan Enderami, Arash Khojasteh, Shohreh Zare Karizi
Expression fold change of the Runx-2, BGLPA and osteonectin was detected by RT-PCR on days 7 and 14 in three stem cells during osteogenic differentiation process (Figure 7), and results showed that at day 7, Runx-2 expression was significantly increased in BM-MSCs and USSCs while cultured on PCL-Bio scaffolds; although, this increase in USSCs was higher than BM-MSCs. BGLAP expression was significantly increased in all three stem cells while cultured on PCL-Bio scaffold; although, this increase in USSCs was higher than two others. Osteonectin expression was also increased significantly in USSCs and BFP-MSCs when cultured on PCL-Bio scaffold and in this case USSCs were also higher than BFP-MSCs. But at day 14, significantly higher Runx-2 expression was detected in USSCs cultured on PCL and PCL-Bio and BFP when cultured on PCL-Bio scaffold. BGLAP expression was also increased significantly in BM-MSCs seeded on PCL and BFP-MSCs when seeded on PCL-Bio scaffold. However, highest osteonectin expression was detected in BM-MSCs and USSCs while cultured on PCL-Bio scaffold.
Bone marrow recovery of hematopoietic stem cells and microenvironment after chemotherapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: consecutive observations according to chemotherapy schedule
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2019
Sang Hyuk Park, Mee Jeong Lee, Chan-Jeoung Park, Seongsoo Jang, Eul-Ju Seo, Ho-Joon Im, Jong-Jin Seo
The niche for long-term HSC consists of osteoblastic and vascular niche.3–7 Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete several cytokines such as osteopontin and osteonectin.8,9 Osteopontin attracts and regulates HSC within the endosteal niche.6 Osteonectin links the bone mineral and collagen phases, thereby initiating mineralization in normal skeletal tissue. CXCL12 is a homeostatic chemokine that regulates hematopoietic cell trafficking and binds to CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4). CXCL12 is constitutively produced by BM stromal cells and other cells, including CD34+ cells and endothelial precursor cells.10,11
Association between LEPR polymorphism and susceptibility of osteoporosis in Chinese Mulao people
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Guangbin Ye, Yandong Huang, Lianfei Yin, Jianchu Wang, Xiufeng Huang, Xiaoyun Bin
Leptin is a secreted protein encoded by the obese (ob) gene located on human chromosome 7q32, which is mainly synthesized using white fat cells and secreted into the blood. It binds to receptors on target organs to inhibit gene transcription, thereby suppressing appetite and reducing calorie intake, improving body metabolism, and reducing fat accumulation [8]. Leptin receptor (LEPR), encoded by diabetes (db) gene, which is located in human chromosome 1p32. There are six subtypes of LEPR, among which the long receptor is the main receptor for leptin signal transmission [9]. Leptin is secreted into the blood by adipocytes and binds with leptin receptor. The signal transduction is mainly realized by Janus kinase, a linker with kinase structure, which regulates the transcription of a target gene using JAK-STAT pathway. Using the central and peripheral pathways, it can play the role of inhibiting appetite, increasing energy consumption, inhibiting fat synthesis, and so on. Shen et al. [10] show osteonectin acts on leptin receptor + skeletal stem cells in bone marrow to promote their differentiation into osteoblasts. Leptin signalling acts on marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation into osteoblasts and inhibit differentiation into adipocytes [11]. Leptin receptor can act on bone marrow stem cells, improve the proliferation of potential cells and differentiate into osteoblasts, and play an active role in bone metabolism. Di Carlo et al. [12] showed that in normal women, circulating leptin was significantly lower in women with low BMI than in normal BMI women. Li et al. [13] further showed leptin direct effects on vitamin D metabolism and osteoblast differentiation in Human Marrow Stromal Cells (hMSCs) may protect bone in obese people. Studies above have shown that leptin and leptin receptors are related to the proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration of bone cells.