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Pharmacological Treatment of Lymph Stasis
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
In addition to this, there are functional disturbances in the mesenchymal tissues, the major result of which is a failure of the resident and exudate members of the mononuclear phagocytic system to remove their normal share of interstitial protein as has been discussed earlier in this chapter. The accumulated interstitial proteins, by virtue of their osmotic potential, attract fluid. This protein and fluid accumulation is usually transient in nature. Olszewski30 and Clodius31 have both found this to last for between 1 and 3 weeks when the type of surgical intervention associated with a mastectomy is required. In some of the patients this transient edema persists; in others it resolves only to appear at some later stage. Of course, there are the 68% who, while they get the transient edema, never get the reappearance of swelling at any stage. However, I am interested in the 32% average who get lymphedema. I will now examine the sequence of events following the surgical intervention involving the removal of axillary lymph nodes and destruction of lymph collectors.
Revisioning Cellular Bioenergetics
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
With tissue injury and joint dislocation in particular, the full osmotic draw of EZ water is brought to bear. In theory, cells should generate an enormous osmotic water-attractant force since their cytoplasms are chock full of negatively charged proteins. However, the water-to-solids ratio of the cell normally remains at 2:1, versus 20:1 or higher for many gels, due to its complex cytoskeletal biopolymers such as actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, which confer stiffness and establish cell architecture (Pollack, 2015; Fletcher & Mullins, 2010). The eukaryotic cell can resist deformation, adopt morphological changes during motility, transport intracellular cargo, and abstain from expansion to its full osmotic potential as a consequence of this cross-linking tubular network (Fletcher & Mullins, 2010).
The microcirculation and solute exchange
Published in Neil Herring, David J. Paterson, Levick's Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 2018
Neil Herring, David J. Paterson
In the previous account, there was no solvent flow across the membrane, so solute transport was purely diffusive. If there is also pressure-driven fluid filtration across the membrane, solute transport is partly by filtration and partly by diffusion, and we need a new membrane parameter to deal with this, namely the reflection coefficient, a (sigma). The reflection coefficient is the fraction of solute molecules reflected by the membrane during filtration at a high rate; it is an index of the difficulty a solute experiences in passing through a pore, relative to water. When a small solute (radius a) is washed into a large pore (radius r), steric exclusion is negligible, so the solute passes through the pore as freely as water. Its reflection is zero (a = 0; Figure 10.7c) and the solute exerts no osmotic pressure across the membrane. At the other extreme, if the solute is wider than the pore (a > r), steric exclusion is total, so all the solute molecules are reflected (a = 1.0) and the ultrafiltrate contains no solute (Figure 10.7a). The solute exerts its full osmotic potential in these circumstances. In the intermediate state, where a/r is >0.1 but <1, the solute is partially excluded from the pore (Figure 10.6a), so a fraction is reflected (a is >0 but <1) and the ultrafiltrate has a reduced solute concentration, 1 - a (Figure 10.7b). The solution exerts a fraction of its osmotic pressure in these circumstances (Section 11.1).
Evaluating the role of gamma irradiation to ameliorate salt stress in corn
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Alireza Shaebani Monazam, Mohammad Ali Norouzian, Mehdi Behgar, Azam Borzouei, Hedayat Karimzadeh
Salinity reduces seed germination and growth by reducing the water potential and toxicity of specific ions such as sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), and nutrient ions such as calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) and decreasing the germination index and initial seedling establishment (Yadav et al. 2011). The germination percentage, root length, stem length, and seedling dry weight have decreased significantly with increasing salinity levels (Massai et al. 2004). The seed germination rate decreases by increasing root emergence duration and disrupting the water uptake process by seed due to increased osmotic potential because the early stages of germination and root emergence are more sensitive to salt stress (Nonogaki et al. 2010). Salinity reduces the initiation and development of leaves and decreases the growth of shoots (Qu et al. 2012). Salt stress declines leaf development by reducing the number of elongating cells and slowing down the rate of cell elongation (Szalai and Janda 2009). The root is the first part of the plant that faces salinity through the shoot and is more sensitive to salt stress (Farooq et al. 2015). Due to salt stress, calcium may be dislocated from the plasma membrane; thus, membrane leakage is the primary cellular response to salt stress (Cramer et al. 1988). Salt stress reduces apoplastic pH in salt-sensitive genotypes of maize and thus decreases growth (Pitann et al. 2009a). Acidification of apoplasts is the essential requirement to increase the ability of cell walls to expand and control the extension growth (Hager 2003).
Graphene oxide influence in soil bacteria is dose dependent and changes at osmotic stress: growth variation, oxidative damage, antioxidant response, and plant growth promotion traits of a Rhizobium strain
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Tiago Lopes, Paulo Cardoso, Diana Matos, Ricardo Rocha, Adília Pires, Paula Marques, Etelvina Figueira
E20-8 strain produced IAA, and in the presence of osmotic stress, IAA content was significantly increased. Malhotra and Srivastava (2008) reported that abiotic stresses, like drought, positively increased IAA production in Azospirillum brasilense. On the other hand, Sandhya et al. (2010) observed that low osmotic potential led to a decrease in several PGP traits, including IAA. Ramos-Solano et al. (2008) reported that at relatively high osmotic stress (20% PEG) some PGPR genera successfully increased IAA production compared to control, but at the highest PEG concentration (40%), IAA levels were similar to control, registering a significantly decrease compared to the levels produced at 20% PEG. It appears that at very high osmotic stress the ability of bacteria to synthesize IAA is impaired, but at lower osmotic stress controversial data were reported, with some bacteria decreasing (Sandhya et al. 2010) and other increasing (Malhotra and Srivastava 2008) the synthesis of IAA. The ecological and agronomic advantage of increasing IAA in osmotic stress conditions is evident, since IAA promotes root growth and extends symbiotic branching, thus increasing root surface contact with soil particles, boosting water absorption and nutrients uptake (Glick 1995) and thus increasing plant tolerance in environments with low water availability (Rubin, van Groenigen, and Hungate 2017).
Extremely low frequency non-uniform magnetic fields induce changes in water relations, photosynthesis and tomato plant growth
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Angel De Souza-Torres, Lilita Sueiro-Pelegrín, Miguel Zambrano-Reyes, Idalberto Macías-Socarras, Mario González-Posada, Dagoberto García-Fernández
The strong increase in LWP, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential and RWC in response to MF likely resulted from a significant reduction in stomatal conductance, which resulted in lower transpiration rates in seed-treated plants. Partial stomatal closure causes reduced transpiration rates and a greater water potential, while still allows insufficient CO2 uptake to drive photosynthesis. Thus, the efficient use of water by tomato plants from MF-exposed seeds, provides advantages during vegetative growth as supported by Chaves and Pereira (1992). Reina et al. (2001) reported that MF treatment of lettuce seeds induces changes in osmotic potential and the capacity of cells to absorb water. An increase in LWP, turgor potential and RWC occurs in maize plants grown from magnetically treated kernels, leading to maintenance of better leaf water status (Anand et al. 2012). Aleman et al. (2014) reported a reduction of transpiration and increase in net photosynthesis in coffee seedlings exposed directly to 60 Hz MF.