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Overview of Contributions by Yoshihisa Kashima, Theodore M. Singelis & Uichol Kim, Heidi Keller & Patricia M. Greenfield, Fons J. R. van de Vijver & Kwok Leung, Sara Harkness, & Zeynep Aycan
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Cigdem Kagitcibasi, Ype H. Poortinga
The symposium started off with a presentation by Yoshihisa Kashima on “Conceptions of culture and the person for psychology”. In a brief historical overview an outline was given of the contrast between the empiricist and interpretivist conception of the human mind. The former approach sees the mind as part of nature, the latter as separate from nature. Kashima argued that there is an emerging consensus on four points: (i) mind consists of physical matter (ii) culture is part of the evolutionary history of the human species, (iii) ontogenetic development is a process of enculturation, and (iv) context and the human mind constitute each other. This consensus transcends the old controversy and leads to a new conception of the person.
The Instincts as the Subject, Mechanism, and Means of Education
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
Scientists have long noticed the somewhat odd relationship that exists between the ontogenesis and phylogenesis of organisms, i.e., between the development of the species and the development of the individual. In the human embryo, for example, gills, tail, scalp may be observed at a certain stage, a stage that is, moreover, analogous to those long-gone stages of evolution when man’s ancestors dwelled in the water and possessed tails.
Early life complications, placental genomics, and risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Pasquale Di Carlo, Giovanna Punzi, Gianluca Ursini
The theory of the “continuum of reproductive casualty” first proposed that the adversities experienced during prenatal and perinatal life have long-lasting consequences persisting during adulthood (5), in that pregnancy and birth complications lead to a gradient of injury extending from fetal and neonatal death through cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental deficiency, and behavior disorder (6). In this scenario, central nervous system (CNS) development may be considered the cornerstone of the whole human ontogenesis, being highly sensitive to adversities in early life. ND starts during embryogenesis and continues until young adulthood with the completion of myelination (7). The high demand of CNS metabolism and its relevance for morphogenesis make pregnancy a critical window of susceptibility, where diverse internal (maternal and fetal) and/or external factors have the potential to deviate the normal growth of the most complex human organ.
Individualized precision dosing approaches to optimize antimicrobial therapy in pediatric populations
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Quyen Tu, Menino Cotta, Sainath Raman, Nicolette Graham, Luregn Schlapbach, Jason A Roberts
While ontogenesis continues throughout one’s lifespan, organ maturation occurs significantly during the first few months of life. For neonates and young infants, age exerts a great impact on the maturation, represented by gestational age (GA, the maturation before birth), postnatal age (PNA, the maturation after birth), and postmenstrual age (PMA, the maturation both before and after birth) [64]. One example of this impact is the reduction of ampicillin half-life from 3 to 5 hours in neonates with a PNA up to 7 days old, to 2 to 4 hours in those 8 days and over. This shortening of drug half-life has dose implications, with ampicillin dosages needing to be titrated based on the PNA of the neonate [65]. A systematic review of population PK models in preterm and term neonates has identified age (either GA, PNA, or PMA) as a major influence on Cl and Vd in 58% and 12% of the studied models, respectively [66]. Table 1 summarizes some key differences between neonates and children impacting on PK parameters.
Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid–Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence
Published in Psychiatry, 2021
Stevan E. Hobfoll, Patricia Watson, Carl C. Bell, Richard A. Bryant, Melissa J. Brymer, Matthew J. Friedman, Merle Friedman, Berthold P.R. Gersons, Joop de Jong, Christopher M. Layne, Shira Maguen, Yuval Neria, Ann E. Norwood, Robert S. Pynoos, Dori Reissman, Josef I. Ruzek, Arieh Y. Shalev, Zahava Solomon, Alan M. Steinberg, Robert J. Ursano
When people are confronted with ongoing threats of this magnitude, they will naturally respond with deeply embedded psychophysiological and neurobiological reactions that underscore the brain’s cortical and subcortical responses as well as peripheral fight, flight, or freeze reactions (Ursano et al., 1994; Van der Kolk & McFarlane, 1996). Biological adaptation to extreme stress is necessary for survival in a Darwinian sense (Hobfoll, 1998; Van der Kolk & McFarlane, 1996), and hence, it is not surprising that these reactions are deeply embedded in the brain (Charney et al., 1995; Panksepp, 1998; Yehuda, 1998; Yehuda et al., 1998). There is also a developmental neurobiology to their ontogenesis (Pynoos et al., 1997). Translational research highlights that promoting a sense of safety is essential in both animals and humans to reduce these biological responses that accompany ongoing fear and anxiety (Bryant, 2006). The implication of this pattern is that promoting safety can reduce biological aspects of posttraumatic stress reactions (Bryant, 2006).
Age Differences in Sexual Minority Stress and the Importance of Friendship in Later Life
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2021
Michael T. Vale, Toni. L. Bisconti
Aging reflects the dynamics of constancy and change beyond the passage of chronological time as it is traditionally conceptualized. Consideration of the total factors that influence ontogenetic development are outlined in a collection of theoretical tenets provided in the lifespan developmental perspective (Baltes, 1987). Notably, two of these tenets, contextualism, and historical embeddedness, represent how personal background characteristics and timing of events, rather than passage of time, have unique implications for developmental trends of sexual minorities. Historical embeddedness refers to shared cohort or cultural effects, such as how MAOSM were socialized in times when their sexual identities were repressed through social attitudes, legislation, and even in science (Fredriksen-Goldsen et al., 2019). Contextual effects reflect how socially normed, or timed, events influence lifelong transitions (Baltes, 1987). For example, MAOSM lag behind their straight peers with family-related milestones, because they are less likely to be married and have children as these resources and opportunities were not as available to them in their younger years. However, YSM are coming of age in an era with more inclusive social and legal advances thus putting them on closer timelines to their matched straight peers (Frost et al., 2019).