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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Palm oil is the cheapest of all the major edible oils and fats. There are two types of oil obtained from the fruit: oil from the flesh of the fruit and oil from the kernel inside the nut (palm kernel oil). The latter is primarily used for the oleochemical industry, although it does have some food applications. The oil from the flesh of the fruit can be separated into liquid and solid fractions (olein and stearin, respectively). From these, the refining industry produces various types of palm oil for different applications. Palm oil and palm oil products are commonly used in the food manufacturing industry (273). Palm oil has equal proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids are represented by palmitic acid (44%) and stearic acid (5%). Unsaturated fatty acids are represented by oleic acid (37%), a monounsaturated fatty acid, and linoleic acid (9%), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. The minor components of palm oil also vary depending on the conditions of refining. Crude palm oil is rich in carotenes, tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, and squalene (273). Concerning palm oil and health, some studies gave contradictory results on CVDs. Some authors concluded that palm oil had no adverse health consequences. However, studies that have compared the effects of palm oil with other oils have reported adverse effects on heart health of both palm oil and hydrogenated oils (273). Therefore, it is prudent not to consume palm oil too often or in large quantity.
Oils
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Fabricio Almeida de Sousa, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva
Fatty alcohols are oleochemicals derived from vegetable oils. These refined vegetable oils are first converted to a methyl ester or fatty acid, and the intermediate (methyl ester/fatty acid) then fractionated and hydrogenated to produce the fatty alcohol. In general, alcohols used in formulation are normal alcohols from natural fats and oils, having an even number of carbon atoms, and can be saturated or unsaturated.
Economics
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
One essentially untapped source of natural glycerol is soapstock derived from the chemical refining of edible vegetable oils like soybean, cottonseed, corn, canola, sunflower, safflower, peanut, and olive oils. In the United States it is estimated that about 300 million pounds per year of acidulated soapstocks result from soybean oil processing alone. These are already used as a source of inexpensive, low-grade fatty acids by the U.S. oleochemical industry. This developing use is slowly replacing the present use of vegetable oil soapstocks in animal feed, which during the last two years has shown a trend of consistently depressed prices.
Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of perphenazine-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability improvement
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Zahra Saghafi, Mojdeh Mohammadi, Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian, Katayoun Derakhshandeh
Perphenazine was obtained from Daroupakhsh Pharmaceutical Co. (Tehran, Iran). Amitriptyline (AT) was gifted from Arasto Pharmaceutical Chemicals Inc. (Tehran, Iran). Poloxamer 188 was purchased from Alfa Aesar A Johnson Matthey Co. (London, UK). Glyceryl monostearate 900 K and dynasan 118 were generous gifts from IOI Oleochemical Pharma Co. (Witten, Germany). Oleic acid was provided by Samchun Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Ammonium acetate was purchased from m Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). Trichloroacetic acid, HPLC grade methanol, and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water from a Millipore Direct-Q® 3 UV water purification system (Billerica, MA) was used throughout all experiments. All other reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade and used without further purification.
Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Ralph Pirow, Annegret Blume, Nicole Hellwig, Matthias Herzler, Bettina Huhse, Christoph Hutzler, Karla Pfaff, Hermann-Josef Thierse, Tewes Tralau, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch
In addition to the ECHA guidance, other sector-specific guidance exists, such as the OECD guidance documents for characterizing oleochemical substances or hydrocarbon solvents for assessment purposes, which are less strict regarding the specification of relevant individual constituents, but more specific with respect to naming conventions and analytical verification of composition (OECD 2014, 2016). With respect to the latter, it is of particular importance for hazard assessment that specified compositions not only cover all potentially relevant constituents (as far as known) but also the inter-batch variability in PetCo substances from the same refinery and process. To this end both OECD guidance documents endorse the concept of “five-batch analysis”: “The typical, minimum and maximum concentration value for a given constituent should be included in the substance specification. […]. This information can be established by analyzing a number of separate batches (typically five) over a period of time. The average value of this multiple batch analysis should be used to set the mean (typical value). The minimum and maximum values should be no more than 3 standard deviations from the mean/typical value” (OECD 2014).
High efficiency dry coating of non-subcoated pellets for sustained drug release formulations using amino methacrylate copolymers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Fabian Klar, Nora Anne Urbanetz
IPS was synthesized using a widespread method. Briefly, 5 mol of 2-PrOH (380 ml, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and 1 mol of stearic acid (284.5 g, Emery Oleochemicals, Duesseldorf, Germany) together with 40 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were refluxed over a period of five hours. Excess of 2-PrOH was removed under reduced pressure at 45 °C on a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor® Basic, Buechi Labortechnik, Essen, Germany) and an ice water mixture was added. The phases were separated and the product phase was washed three times each with a solution of NaHCO3 and brine, respectively (both from Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). The crude product was dried using CaCl2 and Na2SO4 (both from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), followed by vacuum distillation via a 20 cm Vigreux column. The yield was 93.6 ± 1.2% (mean ± SD, n = 6). The identity was confirmed by measurements of the refractive index as n25D = 1.4000 (Abbemat® Performance Refractometer, Anton Paar, Graz, Austria) and meting point using DSC (described below) as 21.8 °C, and compared with literature data (Althouse et al. 1947; Schlenk 1969; Sanna et al. 2009). The purity was ascertained by GC-MS (Varian GC/MS/MS 4000 with EI and ion trap detector, Agilent Technologies, Boeblingen, Germany) and was found to be higher than 98%. EIMS (positive-mode) m/z: 326 [M]+ and 283 [M-iPr]+.