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Cenostigma pyramidale: Ethnomedicinal Properties and Perspectives on A Legume Tree Highly Adapted to Semiarid ‘Caatinga’ Region
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Livia Maria Batista Vilela, Carlos André dos Santos-Silva, Ricardo Salas Roldan Filho, Silvany de Sousa Araújo, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Wilson Dias de Oliveira, Lidiane Lindinalva Barbosa Amorim, Valesca Pandolfi, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Oliveira et al. (2016) investigated the chemical composition of the methanolic extract of root barks of C. pyramidale, resulting in the isolation of 3,3’-dimethylellagic acid and 3,3’-dimethylellagic acid-4’-O-β-D-xyloside. Lupeol, β-sitosterol/stigmasterol, and a mixture of fatty acid methyl ester derivatives were also obtained. In this same study, chromatographic procedures of the methanolic extract of the flowers of this species led to obtaining an unusual mixture of fatty alcohols, β-sitosterol/stigmasterol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin and methyl gallate. This was the first report of 3,3’-dimethylellagic acid, 3,3’-dimethylellagic acid-4’-O-β-D-xyloside and free fatty alcohols in the Fabaceae family.
Chemical Structure of Lipid A: Recent Advances in Structural Analysis of Biologically Active Molecules
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Ulrich Zähringer, Buko Lindner, Ernst T. Rietschel
A similar restriction is found for the investigation of the Z,E-configuration. In this case, a clear-cut interpretation of the coupling constants of the multiplet raised from the two olefinic protons (—CH = CH—≈5.25 ppm) to reveal their Z- or E-configuration (Jz ≈ 10 Hz and JE ≈ 15 Hz) is hampered by the fact that these protons are coupling with four neighboring methylene protons, therefore raising to nonresolved multiplets of higher order. Since these coupling constants are also dependent on the conformation of the fatty acid chains, a clear-cut assignment of the coupling constants cannot be deduced unambiguously, although some characteristical differences for the chemical shift and shape of Z- and E is-olefinic protons are found in pure and isolated fatty acid methyl esters (52,53).
Lipid Peroxidation
Published in Robert A. Greenwald, CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, 2018
Another method which can be used to assess in vitro lipid peroxidation is measurement of the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in the sample as lipid peroxidation proceeds. The assays are conducted on a Folch extract5 by GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. A sample of the Folch extract is evaporated to dryness under a stream of argon in a culture tube and 3 mℓ of methanolic H2SO4 (1.6 mℓ concentrated H2SO4 in 80 mℓ of anhydrous methanol) are added. The tube is flushed with argon, tightly capped with a Teflon®-lined cap, and incubated at 60°C for 24 hr. Hexane is then added and the sample is washed with water until the pH of the water is neutral. The sample is then ready for fatty acid analysis on a 6-ft by 1/4-in. silanized glass column packed with 10% DEGS on 80/100 Supelcoport (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa.). The data can be expressed as the percent of a saturated fatty acid (unable to undergo lipid peroxidation).
The gut bacterium Extibacter muris produces secondary bile acids and influences liver physiology in gnotobiotic mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Theresa Streidl, Isabel Karkossa, Rafael R. Segura Muñoz, Claudia Eberl, Alex Zaufel, Johannes Plagge, Robert Schmaltz, Kristin Schubert, Marijana Basic, Kai Markus Schneider, Mamdouh Afify, Christian Trautwein, René Tolba, Bärbel Stecher, Heidi L. Doden, Jason M. Ridlon, Josef Ecker, Tarek Moustafa, Martin von Bergen, Amanda E. Ramer-Tait, Thomas Clavel
Cold tissue extraction solution (MeOH:ddH2O 1:1, 1% SDS) was added to frozen liver samples (20–60 mg) in 2 ml screw cap tubes (Sarstedt, DE) prefilled with 0.7 g of ceramic beads (1.4 mm diameter, Bertin Technologies, FR) at a ratio of 1 ml per 50 mg. Samples were homogenized (30 sec, 6 m/s) using a FastPrep-24 homogenizer (MP Biomedicals). The tissue extracts (20 µl each) were then used for fatty acid derivatization. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were generated by acetyl chloride and methanol treatment and extracted with hexane, as previously described.91 Total fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry using a Shimadzu 2010 GC-MS system. FAMEs were separated on an SGE BPX70 column (10 m length, 0.10 mm diameter, 0.20 μm film thickness) using helium as carrier gas. The initial oven temperature of 50°C was increased to 155°C at 40°C/min, then to 210°C at 6°C/min, and finally to 250°C at 15°C/min. The fatty acid species and their positional and cis/trans isomers were characterized in scan mode and quantified by single ion monitoring to detect specific fragments of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (saturated, m/z 74; mono-unsaturated, m/z 55; di-unsaturated, m/z 67; poly-unsaturated, m/z 79). The internal standard was non-naturally occurring C21:0 iso. Absolute fatty acid concentrations for all analyzed samples are available in the supplemental material 3. For principal component analysis (PCA) all fatty acids detected were considered.
Relationship between whole blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and dorsal cingulate gray matter volume: Sex differences and implications for impulse control
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Valerie L. Darcey, Goldie A. McQuaid, Diana H. Fishbein, John W. VanMeter
Blood collection and analysis procedures followed those described in Bell et al. (2011).41 In brief, adolescents were asked to provide blood samples at the end of their scan visit (non-fasted condition). Droplets of whole blood were absorbed onto two circular collection spots on Whatman 903 blood collection cards from the middle finger tip using a blood lance (Accu-Chek®, Safe-T-Pro Plus, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The procedure lasted approximately 10 min and was collected just prior to the end of visit on the same day neuroimaging and behavioral data were collected. Blood spot cards were air dried for 3 h, sealed in polythene bags with desiccant packets, and stored at −80°C until shipment (up to 6 months). Samples were shipped for analysis via first overnight delivery at ambient temperature. Samples were subjected to transmethlyation and fatty acid methyl esters were separated and quantified by gas liquid chromatography (as detailed by).41 Fatty acids, including EPA and DHA, were classified using reference standards and expressed as percentage of total fatty acids. A log-base10 transformation of this value successfully corrected the originally skewed distribution.
Protective Effect of Tunisian Flaxseed Oil against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Anouar Abidi, Nadia Kourda, Moncef Feki, Saloua Ben Khamsa
Chromatographic separation and identification of components of FO, lung tissue and reds blood cells were performed on a gas chromatography apparatus (6890 N, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) equipped with a flame ionization detector and capillary column HP-Innowax (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 m). The amount of each sample injected was 1 mL. Nitrogen, at a constant flow 1.0 mL/min, was used as the carrier gas, and a split/splitless injector was used with a split ratio of 50:1. The injector temperature was 230 °C, and the detector temperature was 280 °C. The column temperature was programed according to the following: initial temperature was 150 °C for 1 min and then increased 15 °C/min to 210 °C and maintained for 5 min before being readjusted again 5 °C/min to 250 °C and then maintained until the end of the analysis, which takes 25 min. Fatty acid methyl esters were identified by comparison with the standard fatty acid methyl esters (Sigma, USA) and were quantified as percentages of the total methyl ester peak areas.