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Aquatic Plants Native to Asia and Australia
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Marco Nuno De Canha, Danielle Twilley, B. Venugopal Reddy, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula, N. P. Deepika, T. N. Shilpa, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
Furthermore, as the mature tissue, it was found that flavonoid anthocyanins accumulated in the internodes and that the major compound present in the leaves and internodes was caffeic acid (Hipskind et al. 1992). Using GC-MS analysis, bicyclo(3.1.1)heptane,2,6,6-trimethyl-, (1α,2β,5α) (4.40%), 2-penatdecanone,6,10,14-trimethyl (4.77%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (9.51%), phytol (70.29%), linoleic acid ethyl ester (2.08%), and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester,(z,z,z) (8.96%) were found to be present within the ethanolic extract (Prabha and Rajkumar 2015). In a 1:1 petroleum ether:acetone extract, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl; 2-undecanone, 6,10-dimethyl; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester; 3-octen-2-one,7-methyl; 1-hexadecen-3-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl; sulfurous acid, hexyl tetradecyl ester; phytol; 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester; 2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexane-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl; 26-nor-5-cholesten-3beta-ol-25-one; trans-stigmasta-5,22-diene-3beta-ol; 9,19-cycloergost-24(28)-ene-3ol, 4,14,-dimethyl, acetate(3-beta),4; 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl; and 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl. The prominent peaks were that of 3,5,11,15-tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol and phytol (Byju et al. 2013) (Figure 3.11).
Bamboo Shoots as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
Fresh bamboo shoots are also rich in potassium, which helps prevent cardiovascular diseases and blockage of blood vessels. A healthy diet including bamboo shoots is also key to blood sugar management and preventing or treating diabetes. We conducted studies on shoot extracts of the edible bamboo Dendrocalamus hamiltonii. When ethanol extract of shoots was analyzed using GC-MS spectroscopy (Figure 8.4), it showed the highest presence of fatty acid amide namely 13-Docosenamide (Z) (25.02%), which has anti-microbial activity. It also acts as an anti-static agent and is used in the manufacturing of food packaging material, personal daily care products like perfumes, deodorant, lotions, moisturizers, talcum powder, soaps, toothpaste, etc. Other main components were 4H-Cyclopropa [5',6'] benz [1',2':7,8] azuleno [5,6] oxiren-4-one,8,8a-bis(acetyloxy)-2a-[(acetyloxy) methyl]-1,1a,1b, 1c,2a,3,3a,6a, 6b,7,8,8a-dodecahydro-6b-0 hydroxy-3a- methoxy-1,1,5,7-tetramethyl- (9.18%), Propanoic acid, 3-chloro,4-formylphenyl ester (8.63%), ç-Sitosterol (4.43%) and 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether (2.43%). 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether has anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-asthmatic activity. The health beneficial properties of 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2, 3-bis [(trimethylsilyl)oxy] propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-(Linolenic acid ester) include anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-arthritic, nematicide and hepatoprotective. Similarly, ç-Sitosterol, an important steroid found in shoots has cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory activity (Table 8.5).
Investigation of the phytochemical composition and remedial effects of southern grape hyacinth (Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten.) plant extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Aysegul Eroglu, Abdulahad Dogan
Detailed information regarding the GC-MS results of the M. neglectum plant is given in (Tables 3 and 4; Figures 3 and 4). According to the GC-MS results of the MAP area, the fatty acids were determined as tetradecanoic acid methyl ester (0.47%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16.64%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (4.63%), 7-Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.21%), hexadecanoic acid-15-methyl ester (0.38%), octadecanoic acid methyl ester (4.94%), 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-methyl ester (6.85%), 8,11-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (25.66%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (21.50%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester (4.87%), eicosanoic acid methyl ester (11.18%), and dodecyltetraglycol (1.66%), respectively (Table 3 and Figure 3). The main compounds were found to be 8.11 octadecadienoic acid (25.66%), 9.12.15 octadecatrienoic acid (21.50%), and hexadecanoic acid (16.64%) methyl esters in the MAP.
Protective effect of Euphorbia thymifolia and Euphorbia hirta against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Wen-Chao Liu, Vijaya Anand Arumugam, Durai Muthu Mani Gurupalraj, Manikandan Ramasamy, Shenbagam Madhavan, Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu, Sungkwon Park
In the present study, 31 chemical constituents were identified by GC–MS, namely 1,2,3-benzenetriol; 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1-acetate; 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 3,8-dimethyl; 1, nonadecene; 1-octadecene; 2-chloropropionicacid, octadecyl ester; 2-propenoic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl); 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl); 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid; 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; cyclopentene, 1-(3-methylbutyl); dichloroacetic acid, heptadecyl ester; E-15-heptadecenal; eicosane; ethyl (E)-hex-3-enyl carbonate; ethyl (Z)-hex-3-enyl carbonate; heneicosane; heptadecane; n-hexadecanoic acid; octacosane; octadecane; octadecanoic acid; p-coumaric acid, trans; pentacosane bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; pentalene, octahydro; pentanoic acid 3-hydroxy-, methyl ester; phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); phthalic acid, isohexyl neopentyl ester; tetradecanoic acid p-coumaric acid; and Z-8-hexadecene. Among these compounds, n-hexadecanoic acid; 1,2,3-benzenetriol; and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid were found in higher quantity and octadecanoic acid; and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid were found in moderate quantity and others were found in smaller quantities.
Toxicity of Caulerpa scalpelliformis selected fractions with fatty acids on Porthesia scintillans
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Kitherian Sahayaraj, Chinnarajan Ravindran, Selvaraj Jancy, Ganesan Pechidurai
The column chromatographic fractions of C. scalpelliformis such as CSF2 and CSF3 revealed FA derivative to be dominant phytochemical analyzed. Further, the FT-IR analysis of fractions revealed functional groups of lipids, carbohydrate, alkenes, alkyl haline, and aromatic. The water extracts of C. racemosa displayed several peaks positioned at 660, 1019, 1061, 1389, 1631, 2854, 2924, and 3416 cm−1 (Kathiraven et al.2015). The GC–MS examinations had established FA such as hexadecanoic acid, octadecenoic acid, and octadecatrienoic acid in fraction CSF2 and CSF3. Previous studies also revealed the presence of FAs in Caulerpa species such as Caulerpa taxifolia (M. Vahl.) C. Ag. (Iveša et al.2004), Caulerpa lentillifera (Ratana-arporn and Chirapart 2006), Caulerpa racemosa (Blažina et al.2009, Hao et al.2019). Dodecane, 5,8-diethyl-constituted 7.87% in CSF3 as reported in another green algae Ulva lactuca Linn (Babu et al.2014). 3-Dioxan-5-yl ester (12.92%), 2-phenyl-1 and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid was also reported from Nelumbo nucifera seeds (Abdelhamid et al.2015). Previously, dodecane, 5,8-diethyl- was recorded from the leaf extract of Lantana camara (Ashmawy et al.2018) as observed from CSF3 (7.87%).