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Role of Blood Coagulation-Fibrinolytic System and Endothelial Cells in Malignancy
Published in László Muszbek, Hemostasis and Cancer, 2019
Besides, endothelial cells have other components either with anticoagulant character or with fibrinolytic activity. Several types of cells synthesize sulfated mucopolysaccharides, but only endothelial cells secrete a species of heparan sulfate with anticoagulant activity.36 Heparin also binds to endothelial cells,37 and this interaction may influence thrombin functions. Another mechanism by which endothelium is related to the resistance to thrombogenesis is the presence of an ectonucleotidase system on the cells, namely, nucleoside triphosphatase, diphosphatase, and 5′-nucleotidase catabolized ATP, ADP, and AMP, leading to adenosine formation.38,39 The reactions are stimulated by thrombin.40,41 This system may play a role in hemostasis, because ADP is an inducer of platelet aggregation, while adenosine is an inhibitor.42 The role of prostacycline as an anticoagulant, synthesized by endothelial cells, is discussed later. Endothelial cells contribute to the resolution of fibrin by plasmin via conversion of plasminogen by a plasminogen activator synthesized in these cells.43 The activator, with Mr 50,000, is membrane associated and is in the “latent” form intracellularly.44 While some tumor-promoting agents increase the rate of plasminogen activator production, thrombin may decrease it.45
Transport of mRNA into the Cytoplasm
Published in Alvaro Macieira-Coelho, Molecular Basis of Aging, 2017
Werner E. G. Müller, Paul S. Agutter, Heinz C. Schröder
Transport of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is an ATP-dependent process, which occurs strictly vectorially. Because the mRNA is structurally bound during transport, mRNA transport may be considered as a “solid-state” process consisting of (1) mRNA release from the nuclear matrix, (2) mRNA translocation through the nuclear pore, and (3) cytoskeletal binding. The following components involved in the translocation step have been identified and purified: The nuclear envelope (NE) nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase) which is stimulated by the 3′poly(A) tail of mRNA,The poly(A)-recognizing mRNA carrier,The NE protein kinase, andThe NE phosphoprotein phosphatase.
Noroviruses: Laboratory Surrogates for Determining Survival and Inactivation
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Doris H. D’Souza, Snehal S. Joshi
NoVs are small viruses about 27–32 nm in size and round in structure with an icosahedral symmetry. The human norovirus (HNoV) genome contains a single-stranded positive-sense RNA about 7.6 kb in length that is enclosed in a capsid without an envelope [3]. The capsid is made of 90 capsomers protruding from the shell that has 90 dimers of capsid protein. The genome has three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 (nucleotides 146–5359) is about 5 kb in size and encodes a ∼200 kDa nonstructural polyprotein. This nonstructural protein is cleaved to produce the N-terminal protein, the enzyme nucleoside triphosphatase, a 3A-like protein, a genome-linked viral protein (VpG), a 3C-like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) [4]. ORF2 (nucleotides 5346–6935) is ∼1.8 kb in size and encodes the 57 kDa major structural capsid viral protein VP1; ORF3 (nucleotides 6938–7573) is ∼0.6 kb in size and encodes a small 22 kDa minor viral structural protein, VP2, reported to package the genome into virions [5,6]. The NoV genus at the time of this submission, is composed of five genogroups based on sequence analysis: genogroup I (GI) (prototype Norwalk virus); GII (prototype Snow Mountain virus); GIII (prototype bovine enteric calicivirus); GIV (prototype Alphatron and Ft. Lauderdale viruses); and GV (prototype Murine NoV) [7,8].
Whether miR-4293 rs12220909 variant affects cancer susceptibility: evidence from 11255 subjects
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
miRNAs always act as promoter or suppressor in cancer through its regulate function of downstream genes. So, we firstly predicted the downstream genes with online miRNA databases, including miRMap, TargetScan7 and miRDB, there are 429 target genes were predicted from all the three databases (Figure 5(A)). Then, we assessed the function of all the 429 genes with the GO and KEGG term enrichment. In the KEGG enrichment, we found that miRNA-4293 target genes are mostly involved in insulin resistance and colorectal cancer pathways (Figure 5(B)). GO-Biological Processes enrichment shows the function of these genes in myeloid cell development, protein localisation to nucleus, hormone secretion, cellular response to hormone stimulus and small GTPase mediated signal transduction (Figure 5(C)). GO-Cellular Components were mostly enrolled in the items of transcription factor complex (Figure 5(D)). Go-molecular function enrichment displays the involved function of RNA polymerase II regulatory region DNA binding, transcription factor binding, nucleoside-triphosphatase regulator activity, ubiquitin conjugation enzyme binding and modification-dependent protein binding (Figure 5(E)).
New avenues for therapeutic discovery against West Nile virus
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Alessandro Sinigaglia, Elektra Peta, Silvia Riccetti, Luisa Barzon
The RNA helicase domain of WNV NS3 protein possesses RNA-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase activity, which provides chemical energy to unwind viral RNA during replication [46]. The NS3 helicase comprises three subdomains, with a well-conserved ATP-binding pocket located between subdomains 1 and 2 that represents a candidate target for inhibitor compounds [47].