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Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
The chief proteins of the ECM are collagens and elastin. They are considered for biomedical applications because of their tensile strength and viscoelasticity to tissues. Other proteins include fibronectin, laminin, and nidogen, which act as connectors or linking proteins in the matrix network. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and growth factors are also promoting the in vivo construction of functional tissue (Mouw et al. 2014). Overall it is a challenging task due to limited knowledge and tissue to tissue variability. Ultimate goals of regenerative medicine can be achieved only if biomaterials maintain desired morphology, differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism of the cell.
Developmental Aspects of the Alveolar Epithelium and the Pulmonary Surfactant System
Published in Jacques R. Bourbon, Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
Jacques R. Bourbon, Caroline Fraslon
Cell adhesion proteins, especially laminin and fibronectin, are also implicated in these mechanisms. Type II pneumocytes strongly link to fibronectin, which could mediate their adherence to basement membrane.90 Fibronectin appears to stimulate DNA synthesis in isolated pneumocytes,91,92 whereas the culture on a laminin-rich matrix helps maintain a differentiated state and sustained surfactant synthesis.93–95 The possibility that other proteins such as entactin or nidogen could be implicated has not been explored.
Glycoconjugates of Odontogenic Cysts
Published in Roger M. Browne, Investigative Pathology of the Odontogenic Cysts, 2019
Nidogen,47,48 a smaller glycoprotein than laminin, appears to be an ubiquitous basement membrane component and occurs in a one to one ratio to laminin. Entactin49,50 appears to be related to nidogen and may even be the same molecule. The functions of these two molecules are unclear, but they may exert a structural organization on laminin. Nothing is known of these molecules in odontogenic cysts.
The extracellular matrix of the blood–brain barrier: structural and functional roles in health, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2019
May J. Reed, Mamatha Damodarasamy, William A. Banks
The laminin and Col IV networks are held together by nidogens, sulfated monomeric glycoproteins also called entactins. In the brain, nidogen has been shown to come from ECs as well as astrocytes and pericytes.13,93 Two isoforms of nidogen, nidogen-1 and −2 (entactin-1 and −2), have been identified and consist of three globes (G1, G2, G3) connected by segments of variable lengths. In addition to laminin and Col IV, nidogen also binds fibulin and perlecan. Antisense treatment of astrocytes in culture that normally expresses nidogen results in astrocyte detachment,118 which can compromise the BBB. Studies have found stronger nidogen expression in immature than in adult brain, and a dramatic increase of vascular staining in kainate-injured hippocampus, suggesting a contribution of nidogen to both development and reactive angiogenesis.119 Nidogen-1 is important for connecting and stabilizing the self-assembled layers of laminin and Col IV, and mutation of nidogen-1 reduces brain capillary BM.120 Mutations in nidogen-2 do not have a brain BM phenotype, but studies of nidogen-1 knockout mice indicate that nidogen-2 compensates for the loss of nidogen-1.120,121
Spatial composition and turnover of the main molecules in the adult glomerular basement membrane
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
David W. Smith, Azin Azadi, Chang-Joon Lee, Bruce S. Gardiner
Nidogen 1 and 2 feature prominently in the GBM, binding many different molecules (see Figure 6 in [57]) Nidogen 1 can bind to laminin (in the ‘P1 region’ of laminin58) and collagen IV, while nidogen 2 can also bind to collagens I and IV, endostatin, and collagen XVIII.59 Since nidogen binds both laminin and collagen IV, it has been suggested that nidogens may hold the basement membrane together. Single knockouts of nidogen 1 or nidogen 2 have functional basement membranes, whereas knockouts of both nidogen 1 and 2 result in perinatal lethality.60 Together, we suggest that nidogen is critical but that nidogens 1 and 2 can to some extent substitute for each other, giving basement membrane tissues a level of functional security through redundancy.
Morphology and Composition of the Inner Limiting Membrane: Species-Specific Variations and Relevance toward Drug Delivery Research
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Karen Peynshaert, Joke Devoldere, An-Katrien Minnaert, Stefaan C. De Smedt, Katrien Remaut
Nidogen-1 is a sulfated glycoprotein that functions as a structural adaptor by connecting other major ILM components to each other, e.g., laminin and Collagen IV.26–28 Another group of components typical for a BM are HSPG which are known to bind massive amounts of water to their negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains.13,18,21 Seeing that removal of these GAG chains leads to a substantial decrease in thickness and elasticity of the ILM in chick embryos as well as in humans, it can be concluded that the proteoglycans predominantly define the thickness and elasticity of the ILM.13,21