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Precipitation and Acid/Base Aqueous Reactions
Published in Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk, Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk
The reaction of a strong hydroxide containing base with a strong acid is termed a neutralization reaction: the resulting products are water plus a neutral ionic compound (termed a salt).
Glycerine in Bar Soaps
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Another important commercial process in the manufacture of toilet soap is the neutralization reaction between fatty acids and sodium hydroxide shown in Eq. (3). In this reaction, obviously no glycerine is produced or left in the finished soap.
Kinetic Thinking: Back to the Future
Published in Clive R. Bagshaw, Biomolecular Kinetics, 2017
This calculation shows that a neutral water molecule has an average lifetime, τ−1, of 11 hours before spontaneously dissociating! However, we need to look a little further. In liquid water, protons largely exist in a hydrated state such as H3O+, and therefore, a more realistic representation of the neutralization reaction is
Evaluation of cell protection by Psephellus pyrrhoblepharus (Boiss.) Wagenitz extracts in MPP+-induced dopaminergic cell damage
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Pelin Taştan, Güliz Armagan, Taner Dağcı, Bijen Kıvçak
Considered together, these results indicated that the viability of MPP+-treated cells decreased significantly, but the extracts exerted a protective effect against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity. The methanolic extract induced the highest cell viability in 50 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, and 200 µg/ml concentrations among all extracts of the plant. In addition to the indicated extract, the chloroform extract and the n-hexane extract showed high cell viability subsequently. Our results supported the idea that antioxidant phenol groups may prevent the development of oxidative stress by a mechanism involving the neutralization reaction of ROS. Furthermore, the concentrations of phenols and flavonoids correlated well with the antioxidant activity as the methanol and chloroform extract showed the maximum antioxidant activity.
Sodium N-lauryl amino acids derived from silk protein can form catanionic aggregates with cytarabine as novel anti-tumor drug delivery systems
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Meng Zhang, Shu-Xiang Zhao, Biao Ding, Yu-Qing Zhang
The size of vesicles plays an important role in the drug delivery system. The DLS experiment was used to measure the particle size of the aggregate solution with X1≤0.4. The results are shown in Figure 2. The figure shows that the maximum hydrodynamic diameters of the mixed solutions with X1 = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 are 164.2 nm, 232.6 nm, and 190.1 nm, respectively. The maximum hydrodynamic diameter of the sample with X1 = 0.4 is greater than 400 nm. The change in particle size of the aggregate solution with X1≤0.4 was speculated as follows. First, with increased concentrations of the cationic drug, anionic surfactants were continuously combined to form catanionic vesicles; thus, the aggregate size increased (0.1<X1≤0.2). However, as the concentration of the cationic drug continued to increase, the catanionic vesicles rearranged under electrostatic interactions to form smaller vesicles, resulting in a decrease in particle size (0.2<X1≤0.3). When X1 = 0.4, precipitation occurred due to the neutralization reaction between surfactant SSS and drug CH.
A comparative study on the raft chemical properties of various alginate antacid raft-forming products
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Peter W. Dettmar, Diana Gil-Gonzalez, Jeanine Fisher, Lucy Flint, Daniel Rainforth, Antonio Moreno-Herrera, Mark Potts
In the current study, a further series of experiments were designed to show how the raft structure influences how efficiently the ANC within the raft can be utilized. The main characteristic is having the optimum of raft porosity which allows the acid passing through the raft to be in contact with the antacid now trapped within the raft, which in turn accounts for the period of time for the neutralization reaction to take place. Rennie Duo was too porous allowing acid to filter through and spend insufficient time within the raft to react with the antacid present. Both GDA and GO had an absorbent raft structure which was reflected in their superior duration of neutralization. In contrast, Peptac, Maalox, and Mylan had a nonabsorbent raft structure allowing the acid to pass through the outside channels of the raft structure rather than through the raft, which avoided the acid coming into contact with the antacid within the formulation which was reflected by the short neutralization times associated with these products. Algycon has no raft structure and therefore the lowest ANC and zero duration of neutralization.