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Pathological Evaluation and Biochemical Characterization of Peptide Receptors Other Than Somatostatin Receptors as Potential Tumor Targets for Radionuclide Diagnosis and Therapy
Published in Marco Chinol, Giovanni Paganelli, Radionuclide Peptide Cancer Therapy, 2016
Giuseppe Pelosi, Michelle Masullo, Giuseppe Viale
Bombesin is a 14-amino-acid peptide of amphibians, whereas its human counterpart, GRP, consists of 27 amino acids., The two molecules differ by only one of the 10 C-terminus residues. GRP acts at the level of either brain or intestine, regulating diverse physiological activities such as satiety, thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, smooth muscle contraction, immune function, and the release of other peptide hormones. At least four G protein-coupled receptors on cell membranes have been described (46), namely the neuromedin B receptor subtype (BB1), the GRP receptor subtype (BB2), and the BB3 and BB4 subtypes. Their distribution and function in human tissues are poorly known, with the remarkable exception of the GRP receptors that have been fully described in the gastrointestinal epithelial cells (35,47,48).
Intranasal trigeminal function in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Anna Kristina Hernandez, Thomas Hummel
Only one study in our review directly investigated the relationship of inflammation with trigeminal function. Zhang et al. found that tissue eosinophil count was correlated with tERP N1 and P2 peak latencies, but not amplitudes, for ethyl alcohol as a stimulus [24]. Also, in the same study, they found a correlation between tERP latency and sneezing visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings, where worse ratings corresponded to longer latencies (Kendall’s tau-b=−0.40, p = 0.005). However, since Kendall’s tau was the analysis used, the quantitative effect this corresponds to is uncertain, as this analysis only gives an ordinal association between the two variables. Sneezing was found to be mediated by TRPV1 in mice [65]. TRPV1+ nasal neurons were found to selectively express neuromedin B, a peptide that activates neuromedin B receptor + (NMBR+) neurons in the area of the brainstem related to sneezing. These NMBR+ neurons were found to synapse with the caudal ventral respiratory group to induce sneezing when prompted by chemical irritants or allergens [65]. Interestingly, however, trigeminal function appears to be preserved, or even better, in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients [23,25,66]. Trigeminal CO2 thresholds (t63 = 2.69; p < 0.05) were lower. Responses to a nasal mucosal signal (negative mucosal potential, NMP) had shorter latencies (N1: t57 = 2.20, p < 0.05; P2: t57 = 2.30, p < 0.05) and tERP P1 (t26 = 2.12, p < 0.05), N1 (t26 = 2.12, p < 0.05), and P2 (t26 = 2.08, p < 0.05) peak latencies were also significantly shorter in patients with AR [25]. Trigeminal lateralization was also found to be significantly better in patients with AR compared to CRS (p = 0.002), but the difference between scores of AR patients and healthy controls remained non-significant [23]. On the other hand, patients with asthma were found to have lower pre-operative scores on chemosensory function tests than patients without asthma (p < 0.005), but having asthma did not influence the effect of surgery on post-operative chemosensory function [19].