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The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Neuroglia, or glial cells, are the dominant cell structure making up 90% of all cells within the CNS. Glial cells are structural cells providing support, nutrition and protection for neurones. They do not generate or conduct nerve impulses and do not form synapses, but they can divide by mitosis to create new cells. Glial cells are the main cause of primary tumours within the nervous system, because of their ability to reproduce.
Embryology of the Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, and Vertebrae
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
At this stage, the meninges develop from the paraxial mesoderm, and three fundamental zones may be identified within the neural tube (Figure 1.10): The ependymal zone, next to the central canalThe mantle zone, outside the ependymal zone, in which neuroblasts and neuroglia can be identifiedThe marginal zone, formed mainly by growing nerve fibers (cells are scarce)
Nervous System
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology: Volume II, 2019
The neurons carry out the specialized functions of the nervous system. The main supporting elements of the nervous system are the neuroglia or glia (largely in the central nervous system), the vasculature, and the connective tissues surrounding the various parts of the nervous system. The term neuroglia or glia refers to several interstitial tissues of the nervous system, including: (1) the ependyma, an epithelial membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord; (2) the neuroglia proper, consisting of the neuroglial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microgliocytes) and their plasmatic expansions or fibers, which bind the neurons in the central nervous system and in the retina; and (3) the capsular or satellite cells of the peripheral ganglia. The Schwann cells, forming the sheath of Schwann around the peripheral nerves, are homologous to neuroglial cells of the central nervous system.
Immunomodulatory effects of chronic trichinellosis on Toxoplasma gondii RH virulent strain in experimental rats
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Abeer E. Saad, Dalia S. Ashour, Eman Rashad
Regarding the histopathological changes in Toxoplasma-infected group, the hepatic tissues showed loss of the normal architecture and severe perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrations. Necrotic areas and apoptosis of hepatocytes were observed. Moreover, the brain tissues showed inflammatory infiltrates and apoptosis of neuroglia cells within areas of gliosis. Similar changes were observed by Mady [33] and El Temsahy et al. [34]. They reported that in the virulent RH infected group, liver sections showed ballooning of the hepatocytes, fatty degenerative changes, severe degree of lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates within the portal tracts as well as multiple foci of lytic necrosis and interface hepatitis. Toxoplasma tachyzoites within the hepatocytes were also detected. Brain sections showed heavy inflammatory infiltrates in the cortex with the presence of Toxoplasma pseudocyst.
Modulation of brain insulin signaling in Alzheimer’s disease: New insight on the protective role of green coffee bean extract
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Hoda E. Mohamed, Mervat E. Asker, Nahla N. Younis, Mohamed A. Shaheen, Rana G. Eissa
The histopathological features of H and E stained hippocampus from all groups were illustrated in Fig. 5. The neurons of CA1 of the hippocampus of the NC group are composed of three layers; molecular, pyramidal, and polymorphic layers. The pyramidal cells had tightly packed pyramidal neurons with large rounded vesicular nuclei and long parallel cytoplasmic processes directed toward the molecular layer. The neuropil is composed of mostly of unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and glial cell. The nuclei of the neuroglia and blood vessels were observed. In FR-AD group, the nerve cells of the CA1 region of the hippocampus showed deeply stained acidophilic cytoplasm of some pyramidal cells (P). The nuclei are rather ill defined or fragmented, with a significant decline in the number of pyramidal cells. Some Pyramidal neurons with vesicular nuclei were also noticed. Congested blood vessels were also observed. Many dark cells were also seen around nerve cells.
Tailoring synthetic polymeric biomaterials towards nerve tissue engineering: a review
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Hamed Amani, Hanif Kazerooni, Hossein Hassanpoor, Abolfazl Akbarzadeh, Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi
Owing to intricate tasks and even supporting the most daily living functions, the CNS possesses a high degree of anatomical complexity [26]. The PNS is formed from peripheral, cranial (arising from the brain) and spinal nerves as well as their motor and sensory endings. A multilayered building containing bone, meninges, connective tissue and skin support the nervous system. In fact, the spinal cord acts as a bridge for connecting the brain to the rest of the body and facilitates receiving and sending sensory and motor information via electrochemical impulses to and from the PNS [27]. There are two types of cells within the nerve system including neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are known as the basic structural and functional components of the nervous system and are comprised of soma, axons, and dendrites. Dendrites provide the possibility for transmission of electrical signals to soma and axons steer impulses away. Glial cells, or neuroglia act as supporting cells for neuronal function and are classified into three type cells including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes (present in the CNS) and Schwann cells (present in the PNS). The amount of glial cells is more than neurons in the nervous system. Although neurons are not capable to perform mitosis, glial cells have the ability in cell division. It is also worth to note that neurons can rehabilitate or trigger sprouting in certain conditions. The spinal cord is comprised of dendrites, axons, and cell bodies.