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Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
In the case of A. majus, the essential oil extracted from the fruits constituted dipiperitone, unsaturated cyclic terpeniole and a mixture of furocoumarins. Also, fatty acids were identified in the plant oil including methyl ester of linoleic acid, methyl ester of oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acids. Other fatty acids included hexanoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, elaidic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, tricosnoic acid and tetracosanoic acid (Hussain et al. 2012).
Aquatic Plants Native to Asia and Australia
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Marco Nuno De Canha, Danielle Twilley, B. Venugopal Reddy, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula, N. P. Deepika, T. N. Shilpa, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
In the Wolffia genus, 11 plants were evaluated for their chemical contents for human nutrition. All species, including W. microscopica contain proteins, starch, fiber, and amino acids like alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. Like all other duckweeds, W. microscopica has also been found to contain saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, and long chain fatty acids, but the concentration is less compared to all other species. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are also present in a lower concentration. The plant is rich in minerals, carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols, phytol, and dihydrophytol (Appenroth et al. 2018). Recently, a detailed investigation of the nutritive compositions of six duckweed species emphasized that the phytosterol content in W. microscopica (50 mg/g fat) was at least fivefold higher than in most other plant oils, which typically contain 1–10 mg/g fat (Kotowska et al. 2013). The main components were sitosterol (53%), campesterol (18%), and stigmasterol (15%) followed by D5-avenasterol (11%) (Appenroth et al. 2017) (Figure 3.36).
Historical Background
Published in Margit Hamosh, Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
The manufacture of soap by boiling fat with various forms of alkali was practiced by the early Germans as reported by Pliny (23 to 79 A.D.).5 Butter was prepared from the milk of many species (sheep, goat, horse) in antiquity. The modern age of lipid chemistry started with the discovery of glycerol by Scheele in 1783.6 The chemical nature of fats, as esters of glycerol, was recognized by Chevreul in the first part of the 19th century.7 Chevreul conducted extensive studies on the chemistry of fats during his long life (1786 to 1889). The first fatty acid isolated was palmitic acid (then called margaric acid); he studied in addition the properties of other fatty acids such as oleic, stearic, butyric, caproic, and many others.3, 7 Among his many important observations are the following: That the character of a fat depends upon the properties of the fatty acids in the glyceridesThat butyric acid loses its pungency when esterifiedThat the difference in the odor of butter prepared from the milk of different species is due to differences in short-chain fatty acid composition
Fatty Acid Content and Tumor Growth Changes in Mice After Exposure to Extremely High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Consumption of N-3 Fatty Acids
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Andrew B. Gapeyev, Alexander V. Aripovsky, Tatyana P. Kulagina
Samples were dried exhaustively in a Savant SpeedVac vacuum concentrator (Savant Instruments, Farmingdale, NY). Saponification and methylation stages were performed in a Multiblock heater (Lab-Line, Melrose Park, IL) following the usual procedures (35) that were previously described (36). Gas chromatographic analyses were performed using a GC 3900 analytical gas chromatograph (Varian, Walnut Creek, CA) equipped with a fused silica SUPELCOWAX-10 polar capillary column (15 m × 0.25 mm × 0.3 μm; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) and a flame ionization detector at 260 °C. The data were collected and analyzed using Multichrom software version 1.5x (Ampersend, Moscow, Russia). Individual concentrations of FAs in biological samples were determined by means of the internal standard method; the corresponding calibration coefficients were calculated from the chromatograms of a standard FA mixture with margaric acid. The FA results are given as individual FA content per 1 mg of tissue weight (in μg/mg).
Solvent Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Annona squamosa L. Seeds for Determination of Bioactives, Fatty Acid/Fatty Oil Composition, and Antioxidant Activity
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mohammad Zahid, Muhammad Arif, Md. Akhlaquer Rahman, Kuldeep Singh, Mohd Mujahid
The chemical composition of the fatty oil was determined by analyzing methyl esters of its fatty oil using GC-MS. A total of eleven fatty acids, constituting 99.9% of the oil, were identified (Table 3, Figure 3). The main fatty acids identified were oleic acid (41.9%), linoleic acid (26.6%), palmitic acid (14.7%), and stearic acid (11.3%). Analysis also showed that the oil contains a lesser amount of heneicosanoic acid (3.2%), eicosanoic acid (1.5%), margaric acid (0.2%), 11-eicosanoic acid (0.2%), and dihydrostereculic acid (0.1%). 17-Methyloctadecanoic acid (0.1%) and palmitoleic acid (0.1%) were identified in minor amounts. A high amount of unsaturated fatty acids (∼ 68.5%) was found in the oil, which was 41.9% oleic acid and 26.6% linoleic acid. Stearic acid (11.3%) and palmitic acid (14.7%) were also analyzed in the oil as the main saturated fatty acids and constitute about 26% of the oil. Due to the presence of a high amount of unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid), the seed oil of A. squamosa has the potential to improve the fuel property of biodiesel (Knothe, 2005). Fatty oils of Jatropha curcas oil, palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil contain 47.7%, 41.9%, 23.3%, 19.60%, 17.2%, and 5.8% oleic acid, respectively, and are reported to be useful in the production of biodiesel. When fatty oil composition of the seed oil of A. squamosa was compared with the fatty oil compositions of various edible oils, it was found that the seed oil of A. squamosa could be useful for the production of biodiesel (Agarwal et al., 2003; Chowdhury et al., 2007; Kowalski, 2007).