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Histoplasmosis
Published in Rebecca A. Cox, Immunology of the Fungal Diseases, 2020
Macrophage activating factor (MAF) — H. capsulatum is a facultative intracellular parasite of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.3,4–6 The intracellular behavior of the fungus in cells in vitro has been studied by a number of investigators.68–71,99,173,201–204 Extension of such studies to immunized animals revealed that mononuclear phagocytes from the peritoneal cavity of mice immunized against H. capsulatum restrict the intracellular growth of the fungus.72,173,190,205 Moreover, growth of the fungus within normal macrophages is inhibited by lymphocytes freshly harvested from immunized mice.190,205 Therefore, immune lymphocytes acting as mediator cells of acquired immunity can activate normal macrophages to inhibit the intracellular growth of H. capsulatum. Activation is mediated by lymphokines generated in cultures of immune splenocytes stimulated with Histoplasma antigen.88 Treatment of the immune splenocytes with anti-Thy 1 plus complement abolishes lymphokine production; hence, MAF is produced by immune T cells.88 Supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated T-cell hybridomas also activate macrophages to suppress the intracellular growth of H. capsulatum89 (Table 1).
The Role of the Macrophage in Immunity
Published in Richard C. Niemtzow, Transmembrane Potentials and Characteristics of Immune and Tumor Cell, 2020
Macrophage activating factor is a critical agent in the overall scheme of resistance. It has the central function of preparing macrophages to destroy infectious agents and neoplastic tissue. Additionally, the macrophages activated by MAF are better prepared to perform in other important roles such as immunoregulation and secretion.
Strategies for Activation of Macrophages in Vivo for the Therapy of Metastatic Disease
Published in Gloria H. Heppner, Amy M. Fulton, Macrophages and Cancer, 2019
Richard Kirsh, William J. Johnson, Peter J. Bugelski, George Poste
Indirect macrophage activation can be achieved by lymphokines released by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and which interact with specific receptors on the macrophage surface.61 This activity is referred to by the predictable designation as macrophage activating factor (MAF), but the exact identity of the mediator(s) involved and whether different subpopulations of macrophages62-64 are activated by different mediators in lymphokine preparations is still unknown.
Proper sit–stand work schedule to reduce the negative outcomes of sedentary behavior: a randomized clinical trial
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Hadi Daneshmandi, Alireza Choobineh, Haleh Ghaem, Najmeh Hejazi
The multidimensional assessment of fatigue (MAF) scale was developed by Belza et al. [26] among older adults with rheumatoid arthritis. The MAF contains 16 items that assess various aspects of fatigue. It is a revision of the Piper Fatigue Scale developed and tested on oncology patients [27]. The MAF is a self-administered questionnaire to assess four dimensions of fatigue: degree and severity; amount of distress it causes; its timing; and degree to which fatigue interferes with daily living activities [26]. The present study participants were asked to reflect on their experiences of fatigue within the past week before and after the intervention. In our previous study, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the MAF scale were examined among Iranian office workers [28].
Quality assessment criteria: psychometric properties of measurement tools for cancer related fatigue
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Mohammed Al Maqbali, Ciara Hughes, Jackie Gracey, Jane Rankin, Lynn Dunwoody, Eileen Hacker
The Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) consists of 16 items scored on a scale ranging from 0 to 10 and originally validated in rheumatoid arthritis patients [94]. The MAF has four dimensions of fatigue: severity, distress and degree of interference in activity of daily living, and timing. Winstead-Fry [24], tested the MAF in a mixed cancer patient population and found adequate internal consistency. Additional psychometric testing was carried out in a cancer population by Meek et al. [22] who reported the overall coefficient alpha to be 0.88. Despite this, the MAF failed to show adequate construct validity in terms of a four-factor structure [22]. Several studies did not recommend using MAF unless further validation has been performed in the cancer population [15,17]. In people with cancer, the MAF met the quality assessment criteria for content validity as well as internal consistency. Further testing of criterion and construct validity, reliability, agreement, responsiveness, floor and ceiling effects, and interpretation are required.
Fabrication and characterization of solid lipid nano-formulation of astraxanthin against DMBA-induced breast cancer via Nrf-2-Keap1 and NF-kB and mTOR/Maf-1/PTEN pathway
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Tao Sun, Jun Gao, Dan Han, Hongyan Shi, Xianqiang Liu
During the carcinogenesis effect, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays a significant role. In the carcinogenesis effect, this regulated various cellular processes such as proliferation, growth, and motility (Miller et al., 2011). AkT phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the process of cell survival. The Akt phosphorylation is reduced when astraxanthin is activated at the level of lipid rafts (Caron et al., 2009). In the current study, the mRNA expression of Akt was reduced as observed in the disease control group and astraxanthin significantly increased the mRNA expression of Akt. PTEN (most common tumor suppressor) is reduced during the cancerous condition. It also regulated lipid and glucose metabolism. Decreased PTEn activity induced via metabolic reprograming of cells facilitates macromolecules synthesis that is required for cell growth. PTEN induces the accumulation of substrate at cellular membrane recruiting Akt and, thereby, activates different downstream signaling pathways supporting cell growth and cell survival (Lim et al., 2003). Maf 1, most important transcription factor, reduced the level of PTEN that inhibited the lipid bio-synthesis, RNA synthesis, and tumor growth. Maf 1 activates the PTEN transcription leading to reduce Akt-mTOR pathway and suppressing the cancer proliferation (Panka et al., 2008). DMBA-induced control group rats exhibited the up-regulation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, and down-regulation the Maf-1 and PTEN mRNA expression. Astraxanthin significantly (p < .001) down-regulated the PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, and up-regulated the Maf-1 and PTEN mRNA expression.