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Bacteriology of Ophthalmic Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Arumugam Priya, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
The use of antibiotics results in resistance mechanisms over a period. The combinations of different antibiotics, for which resistance has not been evolved or use of natural antibacterial agents will potentiate the therapeutic strategies. Dajcs et al. (2001) reported the effectiveness of lysostaphin in treating MRSA-mediated endophthalmitis and keratitis. Lysostaphin is a zinc metalloproteinase enzyme isolated from S. simulans, which can potentially slay down S. aureus by rapid cell wall digestion. Hence, topical application or intravitreal injection of lysostaphin will be an effectual therapy for ocular staphylococcal infections.
Staphylococcus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Fifty percent of the staphylococcal cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, which consists of alternating two polysaccharide subunits (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) linked via 1,4-β-linkages [4], and is resistant to lysozyme and sensitive to lysostaphin [1]. Most staphylococci are capable of producing microcapsules. Microcapsular polysaccharide serotypes 5 and 8 are implicated in 75% of human staphylococcal infections. Most MRSA belong to type 5. The staphylococcal genome is an approximately 2.8 Mb circular chromosome including prophages, plasmids, and transposons. Staphylococci chromosome and extra chromosome house the genes responsible for determining virulence and antibiotic resistance. Extrachromosomal elements play a vital role in the staphylococcal inter- or intraspecies gene transfer [4].
Indonesian children fecal microbiome from birth until weaning was different from microbiomes of their mothers
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Wei Wei Thwe Khine, Endang Sutriswati Rahayu, Ting Yi See, Sherwin Kuah, Seppo Salminen, Jiro Nakayama, Yuan-Kun Lee
The collected vaginal swabs were first vortexed for 5 minutes to resuspend the cells, and 500 μl of the aliquot from each swab was transferred to a new tube. To lyse the cells, 50 μl of lysozyme (10 mg/ml), 35 ml (140 U) of mutanolysin, 1 ml of lysostaphin and 50 ml of TE50 buffer (10 mM Tris-HCL and 50 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) were added to the tube, which was then incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. The mixture was transferred to a tube containing 0.05 g of glass beads (0.1 mm diameter), and the cells were agitated in the Benchmark BeadBlaster 24. The DNA was extracted from the resulting lysate using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, following the manufacturer’s protocol, and eluted by the addition of 50 μl of Buffer AE.
Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a ‘green approach’
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Harmanpreet Kaur, Arashdeep Kaur, Sanjeev Kumar Soni, Praveen Rishi
The potential of using enzymes in conjunction with antibiotic therapy has been widely studied. Considering the challenges faced in medical and clinical scenarios, the scarcity of effective antibiotics, and persistent failure to develop or discover new antibiotics at a pace at which microorganisms are becoming resistant, it would be ideal to use a multi-prong approach. Following this approach, the dual functionality and multi-hit approach of two agents, i.e. degradation of EPS matrix by enzymes coupled with the antibacterial action of antibiotics, prove beneficial. The disruption of biofilm architecture makes it easier for the antibiotics to enter and act at a much lower concentration, thereby reducing the selective pressure imposed on bacterial species and lowering the risk of the emergence of resistance (Kaur et al. 2021). For instance, the application of AlgL in combination with the antibiotic clarithromycin was reported to significantly reduce Helicobacter pylori biofilms (Bugli et al. 2016). Another similar study was conducted by Hogan et al. (2017) wherein the combination of enzymes (Dsp B, lysostaphin, V8 protease, amylase, and serrapeptase) with antibiotics (vancomycin, rifampicin) was tested against MRSA as well as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The results indicated that combination was found to be more effective as compared to individual treatments (Hogan et al. 2017). Likewise, a combined therapy using AlgL and gentamicin has proven to be more efficacious against the mucoid biofilms of P. aeruginosa, a clinical isolate compared to individual therapies as AlgL does not possess any antimicrobial activity itself but enhances the efficacy of antibiotics by breaking down the biofilm matrix (Thorn et al. 2018).
Co-occurrence of yeast, streptococci, dental decay, and gingivitis in the post-partum period: results of a longitudinal study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Kirtana Ramadugu, Freida Blostein, Deesha Bhaumik, Wenwen Jiang, Elyse Davis, Elizabeth Salzman, Usha Srinivasan, Carl F. Marrs, Katherine Neiswanger, Daniel W. McNeil, Mary L. Marazita, Betsy Foxman
Salivary DNA was extracted using DNeasy® Blood & Tissue kits and the automated QIAcube benchtop apparatus, both products of QIAGEN (Venlo, Netherlands). Eighty microlitre of enzyme cocktail and 100ul of sample were incubated at 37°C for 1 h. The enzyme cocktail was comprised of 22.5:4.5:1.125:1.125:1 parts cell lysis solution (Promega, Madison, WI, USA): lysozyme: mutanolysin: RNaseA: lysostaphin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), respectively. Incubation was followed by DNA extraction in the QIAcube and measurement of DNA concentration using a Nanodrop 2000 C spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Samples were stored at −80°C.