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Obstetrics and Gynecology
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
Fish consumption during pregnancy is also a subject of controversy. There is evidence that long chain fatty acid (DHA) is important for fetal development; however, increased exposure to DHA also leads to increased exposure to mercury, which is neurotoxic (11). Eating a single serving of fish per week during pregnancy results in infants having substantially more mercury in their bodies than they would acquire from as many as six mercury-containing vaccines. Mercury has a 75 day half-life, so for the body to rid itself of 99% of it requires one year. Fish may also have other industrial pollutants. Nonetheless, the current consensus guidelines recommend that women should consume 200 mg per day of DHA during pregnancy. The best way to obtain this is through consumption of algae-based oil, which is nutritionally equivalent to fish oil without contamination.
Spinal Cord Disease
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Genetic testing, often in the form of a panel, is required to arrive at a precise genetic diagnosis. Other workup focuses on clarifying the phenotype and ruling out disease mimics: MRI of the brain and spinal cord.Serum vitamin B12, copper, folate, vitamin E.Syphilis testing, HTLV-1 and HIV antibodies.Plasma long-chain fatty acid analysis.Electrophysiology: Nerve conduction studies: normal unless a complicated form of HSP with associated neuropathy.Somatosensory evoked potential, after stimulation of peripheral nerves in the lower limbs, shows conduction delay in dorsal column fibers.
Fats, Fatty Acids, and Lipids
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Fats and fatty acids differ substantially in physical properties. Long-chain fatty acids and their triglycerides are solids at room temperature, and termed fats. Short-chain saturated fatty acids, medium-chain saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (and their resulting triglycerides) are liquids at room temperatures, and termed oils. Long-chain fatty acid and triglycerides yield a heat of combustion of 9 kcal/g, while medium-chain triglycerides yield about 8 kcal/g. This is considerably greater than the 4 kcal/g heat of combustion from carbohydrates or proteins. Because of this discrepancy in caloric density, the concentration of fats in food must be clearly specified as mass (weight percentage) or food energy value (% calories).
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
Generally, lipid can be divided into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Fatty acids can be varied on the basis of length of carbon chain and degree of saturation. Fatty acid with no double bond in its structure is saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (e.g. butyric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, etc). Fatty acid having one double bond is known as monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) e.g. Oleic acid, erucic acid, palmitoleic acid, nervonic acid, etc and fatty acid with more than one double bond are said to be polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) e.g. omega-3 fatty acid alpha linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid-linoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid. On the basis of the carbon chain length, fatty acids can also be classified into short with less than 6 carbon atoms (e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid, etc), medium with 6–12 carbon atoms (e.g. caproic acid, lauric acid, etc), long chain fatty acid (LCFAs) with 13–20 carbon atoms and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) with >20 or more carbon atoms.
Imbalance of the intestinal virome and altered viral-bacterial interactions caused by a conditional deletion of the vitamin D receptor
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Jilei Zhang, Yongguo Zhang, Yinglin Xia, Jun Sun
Microbial metabolites are important players in diverse cellular processes and functions. We found marked changes in virus-related metabolites and pathways, such as fatty acid metabolism. It has been suggested that most eukaryotic viruses require lipids or intermediates of lipid synthesis to replicate, and many of them actively induce lipid metabolic pathways to sustention a favorable replication environment.85 Pathogenic eukaryotic viruses use lipid droplets as a platform for viral replication, and many non-oncogenic eukaryotic viruses are related to various metabolic alterations during infection, such as glycolysis, nucleotide synthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and glutaminolysis.73,86 This finding may explain our results that many long-chain fatty acid and fatty acid metabolites were increased in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔLyz mice.
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein: an overlooked cardiac biomarker
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2020
Harsh Goel, Joshua Melot, Matthew D. Krinock, Ashish Kumar, Sunil K. Nadar, Gregory Y. H. Lip
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) are members of the lipid-binding proteins superfamily. They are both membrane-bound – aiding cellular long-chain fatty acid (FA) uptake – and cytoplasmic, being crucial to intracellular transport of FAs to sites of metabolic conversion. Hence, FABPs are ubiquitous, though especially abundant in tissues with an active FA metabolism, including heart, kidneys, brain, and mammary glands, among others [11]. Among nine tissue-specific cytoplasmic FABPs identified so far, FABP-3 is predominantly distributed in cardiac myocytes and is also named heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) [12]. However, the myocardial tissue-specificity of H-FABP is not absolute, significant amounts being present in skeletal muscle, kidneys, mammary glands, testes, lungs and stomach [13,14].