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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Isocyanates are commonly used in the polyurethane foam in car seats as well as other vehicle parts. These low molecular weight antigens can produce sensitisation and subsequent development of occupational asthma. Immunological assays can measure the presence or concentration of these antigens.
Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Colorimetric wipe indicators are commercially available for substances such as isocyanates, amines, phenol, and acids/base.35 After contact the color change of the wipe provides a qualitative indicator of exposure which can be a quick, easy technique for assessing skin contamination. These techniques have also been used to provide a semi-quantitative assessment of exposure and will be used in a planned pan-European study of workers exposed to di-isocyanates, again with a standardized wipe and collection protocol being adopted.36,37,38
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The reactions of amines and phosgene give isocyanates and carbamate esters. Isocyanates are of great importance for making polyurethanes. Polyurethanes are polyaddition products formed from diisocyanates and dehydric alcohols or diamines. Polyurethane is a textile raw material for elastomers, for example, rubber-elastic continuous-filament yarns, and starting materials for foam plastics.
Asthma and rhinitis in Greek furniture workers
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Katerina Paraskevaidou, Konstantinos Porpodis, Theodoros Kontakiotis, Ioannis Kioumis, Dionisios Spyratos, Despina Papakosta
Our results are compatible with a cross-sectional epidemiological study by Mastragello et al. (12) who explored a sample of factory workers exposed to isocyanates and revealed that the risk of asthma was five times higher compared to unexposed workers. In another study, Talini et al. (33) showed that chemical workers have a greater risk of developing asthma symptoms, in contrast to Milanowski et al. (34) who demonstrated that the asthma-like symptoms were more frequent among employees in the wood department. Ucgun et al. (35) explored asthma prevalence in a region of Turkey and concluded that WRA was a common disease for furniture workers employed in the paint sector, they also suggested that smoking and atopy were significant contributors. In our study, chemical workers although exhibiting an increased frequency of asthma compared to the other two groups, did not show significant relation to smoking or to atopy.
Prevalence of COPD among workers with work-related asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2020
Katelynn E. Dodd, Jacek M. Mazurek
The results of this study indicate that never-smokers with WRA were twice as likely to have COPD as adults with non-WRA, suggesting that some occupational exposures may place individuals at greater risk for asthma-COPD overlap. Although cigarette smoking is the primary cause of COPD, as much as 15% (range 0%–37%) of COPD can be attributable to workplace exposures (32). The proportion attributable to workplace exposure among nonsmokers is higher at 31% (range 27%–53%) (33). Workplace exposures including dusts, gases, minerals, metals, grain, wood, cotton, vapors, welding fumes, and isocyanates have been associated with COPD (34–36). Moreover, workplace exposures, such as irritant chemicals, dusts, secondhand smoke, allergens, cleaners, disinfectants, welding fumes, and isocyanates, have been associated with new-onset and work-exacerbated asthma (37–39). Several of these workplace exposures are causative agents for both WRA and COPD. Exposure to these agents may explain the presence of overlapping asthma and COPD in some workers, and should be considered in managing patients with asthma-COPD overlap. Primary preventive measures should focus on exposure avoidance or reduction for both WRA and COPD (15,40); however, limited guidance is available on the management of asthma-COPD overlap (6).
Dural sealants for the management of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after intradural surgery: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Ahmet Kinaci, Tristan P.C. Van Doormaal
Polyurethanes are synthetic polymers in which the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability are determined by its composition. Polyurethanes are formed via a reaction between a diisocyanate and a diol. Isocyanates adhesives adhere covalently to the underlying tissue in the presence of water through the formation of urea bond with amines available in the underlying tissue [8]. The major disadvantage of the commonly used polyurethanes is that they are toxic and not readily biodegradable. However, the use of aliphatic isocyanates instead of aromatic isocyanates eliminates toxicity. By incorporating hydrolytically degradable esters bonds by using monomers such as lactic acid or caprolactone enables the development of biodegradable polyurethanes [22,23].