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Plant-Based Adjunct Therapy for Tuberculosis
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Lydia Gibango, Anna-Mari Reid, Jonathan L. Seaman, Namrita Lall
A wide variety of plants and herbs are used to treat tuberculosis or related symptoms, and have made a myriad of impacts on the maintenance of human health (Mangwani et al., 2019). Combining pathogen-directed and host-directed therapeutics offers a strategy to control the emergence of more tolerant and drug-resistant intracellular bacteria (Czyż et al., 2014). Herbal medicine is ubiquitous and its ingestion with conventional prescribed medication is becoming increasingly popular; however, the probability of herb-drug interactions increases, as well. Experimental data, case reports and case series are often limited, and therefore, more study of this topic is encouraged (Fugh-Berman and Ernst, 2001).
Modulating Cytolytic Responses to Infectious Pathogens
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Rebecca Pogue Caley, Jeffrey A. Frelinger
Survival in a world of pathogens requires an effective immune response. Some pathogens, such as viruses and intracellular bacteria, invade the host’s cells and seize the cell’s machinery in order to replicate. It is critical for the host’s survival to recognize these assaults and to remove the affected cells from the body. The processing and presentation of endogenous proteins on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules allow the immune system to detect intracellular changes. Antigen presentation involves the degradation of cytosolic proteins into small peptides, which are delivered into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the transporter complex. The peptides then bind within a cleft formed by the MHC class 1 heavy chain (HC). The peptide/HC/β2-microglobulin (β2M) complex is transported to the cell surface via the normal secretory pathway. This cell surface peptide/MHC complex is the ligand which the cellular immune system targets for recognition. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), recognize MHC class I/peptide complexes and are important and major effector cells in the destruction of virus-infected cells.
Infectious Diseases
Published in Paul Bentley, Ben Lovell, Memorizing Medicine, 2019
Lymphogranuloma venereum – Chlamydia trachomatis = obligate intracellular bacteria PC: Commonly presents as painful inguinal lymphadenopathy (buboes), with ‘groove sign’ due to inelastic inguinal ligamentHaemorrhagic proctitis, stricture or fistulaConjunctivitis, meningoencephalitis
Emerging strategies in nanotechnology to treat respiratory tract infections: realizing current trends for future clinical perspectives
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Minhua Chen, Zhangxuan Shou, Xue Jin, Yingjun Chen
Various bacteria create a niche inside the host cells from where they can dodge the host immune system and spread to other sites in the body. These bacteria which localize inside a host cell are known as intracellular bacteria. M. tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Chlamydi trachomatis, and Listeria monocytogenes are well-known intracellular bacteria. In addition, some extracellular bacteria can also persist inside the host cell. S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and P. aeruginosa are the few extracellular bacteria that can be hosted inside the cell (Kamaruzzaman et al., 2017). Despite having various antibacterial therapeutics almost two-thirds of them are considered ineffective to treat the infection caused by intracellular pathogens. It is also expected that microorganisms may still be present inside the host cells even though the in-vitro susceptibility tests reveal the opposite (Tucker et al., 2021). Microorganisms may persist in the respiratory tract for a long time even when prescribed antimicrobials have been expected to be active based on conventional in-vitro susceptibility testing.
Arginine-mediated gut microbiome remodeling promotes host pulmonary immune defense against nontuberculous mycobacterial infection
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Young Jae Kim, June-Young Lee, Jae Jin Lee, Sang Min Jeon, Prashanta Silwal, In Soo Kim, Hyeon Ji Kim, Cho Rong Park, Chaeuk Chung, Jeong Eun Han, Jee-Won Choi, Euon Jung Tak, Ji-Ho Yoo, Su-Won Jeong, Do-Yeon Kim, Warisa Ketphan, Su-Young Kim, Byung Woo Jhun, Jake Whang, Jin-Man Kim, Hyungjin Eoh, Jin-Woo Bae, Eun-Kyeong Jo
Bone marrow from wild-type mice was harvested and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (12–604 F; Lonza) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (16000–044; Gibco) for 3–5 days in the presence of 25 ng/mL macrophage colony-stimulating factor (416-ML; R&D Systems). Fully differentiated BMDMs were infected with Mabc or Mmass (MOI = 1) for 2 h. Extracellular bacteria were removed by washing with PBS. BMDMs were further cultured in the presence or absence of suberic acid (40 and 400 μM) or inosine (30 and 300 μM) for 3 days. To analyze intracellular bacterial viability, infected cells were lysed in distilled water to release intracellular bacteria. The serially diluted homogenates of the infected cells were plated on 7H10 agar plates, and colonies were counted after 3–4 days of incubation.
The unforeseen intracellular lifestyle of Enterococcus faecalis in hepatocytes
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Natalia Nunez, Aurélie Derré-Bobillot, Nicolas Trainel, Goran Lakisic, Alexandre Lecomte, Françoise Mercier-Nomé, Anne-Marie Cassard, Hélène Bierne, Pascale Serror, Cristel Archambaud
Two or 4 days before infection, cells were seeded in triplicate in 24-well plates or on glass coverslips for immunofluorescence analysis. Prior to infection, cells were washed once with PBS and incubated in serum-free medium for 2 h. E. faecalis strains were grown until bacteria reached the mid-exponential phase. Bacteria were harvested, washed twice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and resuspended in medium without serum to be used at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50. Infection was synchronized by 1 min centrifugation at 1000 g. After 3 h of contact, cells were washed 5 times with PBS, and an antibiotic cocktail was added to kill extracellular bacteria. A first antibiotic cocktail (150 µg/ml gentamicin and 10 µg/ml vancomycin) was added for 24 h and then replaced by another antibiotic cocktail (37.5 µg/ml gentamicin and 5 µg/ml vancomycin) for the rest of infection. When indicated, amoxicillin was added to the antibiotic cocktail (125 µg/ml and diluted at 50 µg/ml after 24 h of infection). The efficiency of the antibiotic cocktails was controlled by the absence of viable colonies after plating of the cell supernatants. When required, cells were lysed using cold distilled water for 10 min at 4°C to enumerate intracellular bacteria on BHI agar plates or processed for immunofluorescence as described below. The percentage of intracellular bacteria was determined as the ratio of intracellular bacteria of the initial inoculum.