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Sexually Transmitted Infection and Male Infertility
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Kareim Khalafalla, Haitham Elbardisi, Mohamed Arafa
The exact mechanism of infertility is also controversial. The initial response to C. trachomatis infection is the generation of interleukin-1 (IL-1), which in turn results in the stimulation of polymorphonuclear white blood cells (WBCs). Leukocytospermia will lead to increased production of ROS with an increase in oxidative stress in semen followed by deterioration of all semen parameters, increased sperm DNA damage, and impairment of acrosome reaction. The sperm itself will also add to the increase of ROS associated with C. trachomatis infection as the organism has abundant lipopolysaccharides on its membrane, which attaches to CD14 receptors on the sperm, resulting in production of large amounts of ROS. Also, C. trachomatis is believed to cause immunological infertility with increased production of antisperm antibodies. Infection will lead to increased humoral response with local invasion of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils, resulting in production of local secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and circulating immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). The increase in chlamydia antibodies has been associated with deterioration of semen parameters [26,27].
Therapies
Published in Marc H. De Baets, Hans J.G.H. Oosterhuis, Myasthenia Gravis, 2019
If the crisis cannot be controlled with the measures described, the patient should be treated with plasmapheresis. This is usually combined with corticosteroids (e.g., 500 mg methylprednisolone per day or more during the first week17,89). The use of corticosteroids is controversial in patients with bacterial infection. High dose immunoglobulin G(10tol5g per day) and immunoglobulin M (5 to 10 g per day) may be added in order to substitute for losses during plasmapheresis. Immunoglobulin G downregulates the formation of autoantibodies (but also of other antibodies).55 After a few days of treatment with corticosteroids and plasmapheresis, azathioprine is added to the regimen if long-term immunosuppressive therapy is indicated. This is usually the case in patients whose symptoms are severe enough to evolve into crisis. A detailed discussion on intensive care treatment may be found in reference 112a.
The Structural Biology, Biochemistry, Toxicology, and Military Use of the Ricin Toxin and the Associated Treatments and Medical Countermeasures for Ricin Exposure
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, George Emmett, Russell M. Dorsey, Charles B. Millard, Ross D. LeClaire, Harry Salem
Ricin is a highly immunogenic toxin, and paired acute and convalescent sera should be obtained from survivors for measurement of antibody response. Conceptually, the detection of circulating anti-ricin antibodies formed in response to sublethal toxin exposure is possible for exposed individuals who survive 2–3 weeks (Hunt et al., 1918). However, humoral immunoglobulin M (IgM) responses would likely be of short duration, and no immunological memory would be anticipated without boosting.
Efficacy and safety of plasmapheresis without plasma transfusion tandem with chemotherapy to treat multiple myeloma
Published in Hematology, 2022
Yigang Guo, Lulu Zhang, Rongyao Zhang, Meiling Zhou, Xu Chen, Chucheng Wan, Ping Hu, Yuanyuan He, Hua Jiang, Wei Geng, Weixing Zhang, Fariha Kanwal, Muhammad Fayyaz ur Rehman, Zhangzhi Li
Multiple myeloma (MM) [1,2] is the second-largest malignant tumor in the hematological system. Damage of an organ or a tissue due to excessive proliferation of plasma cells coupled with abnormal secretions of monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-Ig) or its para protein fragment (M protein/M spike) is the major cause of its pathogenesis. The majority of MM patients were diagnosed with varying degrees of renal impairment, whereas conditions like hyperviscosity, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia tend to aggravate renal injury in some MM patients that were further maintained by hemodialysis. Abnormal components of protein and inflammatory factors can be removed rapidly through plasma exchange that enhances the viscosity of blood and helps reduce organ damage caused by the presence of abnormal protein components and inflammatory factors. Traditional plasmapheresis [3–5] requires a large quantity of fresh frozen plasma. The incidence of an anaphylactic reaction that can be significantly enhanced when a large amount of plasma is utilized substantially limits the application of plasmapheresis in multiple myeloma (MM). Therefore, according to the plasma exchange principle, we pursued a clinical study of sequential chemotherapy [6,7] without plasma exchange to treat patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and achieved good results.
Emerging COVID-19 variants and their impact on SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Queenie Fernandes, Varghese Philipose Inchakalody, Maysaloun Merhi, Sarra Mestiri, Nassiba Taib, Dina Moustafa Abo El-Ella, Takwa Bedhiafi, Afsheen Raza, Lobna Al-Zaidan, Mona O. Mohsen, Mariam Ali Yousuf Al-Nesf, Ali Ait Hssain, Hadi Mohamad Yassine, Martin F. Bachmann, Shahab Uddin, Said Dermime
In contrast with nucleic acids and antigen-based detection techniques, antibody-based techniques are not considered suitable for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. This is due to the fact that antibody responses are often generated nearly two weeks post-infection; a time-point at which viral nucleic acid and antigen levels begin to decline [12]. Various binding assays like immunofluorescence, immunochromatographic, chemiluminescence assays and ELISA are used for the detection of antibodies generated specific to the SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen. Most of these kits target the antibodies generated against the viral S and N proteins. Various easy-to-use kits are now available that are based on measuring the ratio between the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the blood. [28]. In addition, humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 can also be detected using simple blotting systems [29]. These are often automated rapid capillary-based platforms through which the reactivity of human IgGs (in serum or plasma samples) against five key SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens [29].
Evaluation of Radiation Sensitivity in Patients with Hyper IgM Syndrome
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Saba Fekrvand, Hossein Mozdarani, Samaneh Delavari, Mahsa Sohani, Farzad Nazari, Fatemeh Kiaee, Yasser Bagheri, Gholamreza Azizi, Gholamreza Hassanpour, Sohail Mozdarani, Hassan Abolhassani, Asghar Aghamohammadi, Reza Yazdani
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are heritable disorders of the immune system that mainly are related to single gene defects (Bonilla and Geha 2003). Primary antibody deficiencies are a subgroup of PIDs that affect final immunoglobulin production (Bonilla and Geha 2003). Hyper Immunoglobulin M (HIGM) syndrome is considered an antibody deficiency, characterized by low or absent levels of serum IgG, IgA, IgE and normal or increased levels of serum IgM (Yazdani et al. 2018). The prevalence of HIGM varies in different ethnicities around the world. According to a registry from the United States, the prevalence of X-linked HIGM (X-HIGM) was approximately 1 in 1,000,000 live births from 1984–1993 (Winkelstein et al. 2003). Among HIGM phenotypes, X-HIGM or CD40 L deficiency is the most prevalent type (Khorasani et al. 2019; Yazdani et al. 2018); while other phenotypes with a mutation in genes affecting signaling and DNA repair mechanisms such as CD40, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA), uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG), postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), MutS Homolog 6 (MSH6), MutS Homolog 2 (MSH2), INO80, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic delta (PIK3 CD), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 alpha (PIK3R1) are less common (Abolhassani et al. 2018b, Alizadeh et al. 2018; Azizi and Yazdani 2018; Conley et al. 1994; Péron et al. 2008, Revy et al. 2000). Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is a effective treatment for decreasing chronic infections in patients with HIGM (Azizi et al. 2016).