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Inherited Defects in Immune Defenses Leading to Pulmonary Disease
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
The structural differences between Ig classes, subclasses (Ig heavy chain), and types (Ig light chain) are associated with different roles in immune defense. This can be illustrated by the Ig classes. IgG is the major opsonin, while IgM is more effective in complement fixation. IgA predominates in local immune defenses, IgE in allergic responses. IgD is probably critical in cellular regulation of Ig production. There also are differences within the IgG subclasses (IgGl-4); IgGl and IgG3 can fix complement more effectively than IgG2, while IgG4 does not fix complement at all. Only IgG2 mediates passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Certain "autoantibodies" are relatively restricted to IgG subclasses. The immune response to exogenous antigens and most microorganisms is polyclonal; all major Ig classes, subclasses, and light chain types are usually represented in the specific antibody response. However, restricted antibody responses have been documented in humans for Rh isoantibodies [17], for polysaccharide antigen antibodies [18], and for tetanus and pertussis antibody [19].
Internet Gaming Disorder Among Indonesian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Published in Teuku Tahlil, Hajjul Kamil, Asniar, Marthoenis, Challenges in Nursing Education and Research, 2020
Hafizh Rizky, Hasmila Sari, Syarifah Rauzatul Jannah, Marthoenis
The Statista (2019) reported that as many as 699.6 million people are online game players in the world. In Indonesia, online game players accounted to 43.7 million people (Newzoo, 2017). The survey conducted by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Indonesian government stated that in 2014, more than 19.8 million internet users in Indonesia were children and adolescents (Misnawati, 2016). Excessive and uncontrolled internet access has a strong association with Internet Gaming Disorder or IGD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Despite that fact, the prevalence of internet among disorder among adolescents in Banda Aceh has been rarely studied. This paper, therefore, aims to study the prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder and to explore the level of Internet Gaming Disorder tendency among senior high school students in Banda Aceh.
Pulmonary Immunology
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Hemant H. Kesarwala, Thomas J. Fischer
The five major classes of immunoglobulins have different functional characteristics. IgG is the immunoglobulin primarily involved in the secondary or recall immune response. The ability of IgG to diffuse into tissues facilitates combination with and elimination of antigens. IgM is the major early antibody, its molecule consists of five subunits that are linked by disulfide bonds and a J chain. Although it is incapable of placental transfer its polymeric structure produces efficient agglutination or destruction of the antigen. IgA is the primary immunoglobulin of all mucosal surfaces and respiratory secretions. It exists either as a monomer or dimer. Secretory IgA is eqipped with a polypeptide (a secretory piece) that provides relative protection from enzymatic digestion at the mucosal level. IgD is an immunoglobulin present in very small quantities in the serum and its functional role awaits further definition. IgE is also called the reagenic antibody; though present in small concentrations it has an important role in atopic disorders.
Immunoglobulin D-kappa multiple myeloma in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2021
Tadahiro Tokunaga, Hiroo Hashimoto, Yusuke Yoshida, Tomohiro Sugimoto, Sho Mokuda, Yoko Kosaka, Risa Shimizu, Shintaro Hirata, Tomoyo Kumagai, Kiichi Komoto, Hideho Wada, Eiji Sugiyama
We first misdiagnosed this patient as BJP-κ type MM because IEP of both the serum and urine demonstrated solely monoclonal κ FLC; however, a revised diagnosis of IgD-κ MM was confirmed afterward in the medical facility to which she was transferred. IgD type MM is a rare variant of this disorder, accounting for only 1–2% of all MM cases. It usually affects a younger population and more likely presents at advanced stages with high frequencies of CRAB features. It is characterised by an aggressive clinical course and poor outcomes compared to other isotypes, including light chain type MM [10–14]. As IgD M-protein levels are low due to the small amount of physiological IgD in serum, only a subtle or even undetectable M-peak in SPEP is typically observed and even normal albumin globulin ratios are possible. Because of these pitfalls, the diagnosis of IgD MM is often difficult, and the advanced stages of the disease resulting from delayed diagnosis may contribute to poor survival [10,11]. Moreover, even if the diagnosis of MM is determined, it may be easily confused as a light chain type MM, as in the present case, because it is likely to be associated with an extensive production of FLC [12,14]. As IFE is thought to be more sensitive for detecting trace proteins than IEP [27], its use could help minimise the risk of missing IgD M-protein and avoid erroneously identifying IgD MM as BJP type MM. Physicians should be aware of this rare isotype of MM and examine IFE results to promptly establish the correct diagnosis when patients with CRAB symptoms also show low levels of serum M-protein or obscure immunoglobulin subtypes.
Gaming Disorder: A New Diagnosis? Part 1
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Factors associated with IGD were reported in 28 of 37 cross‐sectional studies (Mihara & Higuchi, 2017). These were diverse and covered gaming, demographic and familial factors, interpersonal relations, social and school functioning, personality, psychiatric comorbidity, and physical health conditions. Associated factors found in the studies were a mixture of risk factors, comorbid disorders, and disorders and problems as a consequence of IGD. The majority of factors related to gaming, demographic factors, such as sex, age, and personality, may serve as risk factors of IGD. Comorbid psychiatric disorders may act as both risk factors and consequences. For example, attention deficit and/or hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is most likely a risk factor for IGD, but sleeping problems, depression, and aggressive behavior may be both risk factors and/or consequences of IGD (Mihara & Higuchi, 2017). On the other hand, social and school dysfunction and health conditions, such as physical pain, may be better explained as a consequence of IGD.
Risk Factors of Problem Gaming and Gambling in US Emerging Adult Non-Students: The Role of Loot Boxes, Microtransactions, and Risk-Taking
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Anthony King, Gloria Wong-Padoongpatt, Aldo Barrita, Danny Tran Phung, Ting Tong
While our sample’s IGD prevalence rate (23.6%) was significantly higher than Stockdale and Coyne’s (2018) study, which examined US emerging adult students, there are no other available studies (that we are aware of) that measured IGD specifically in US emerging adult non-students. However, our results are within the range of the WHO’s general IGD prevalence rate estimates of 0.3% to 27.5% for countries around the world (WHO, 2019). It is possible that being a student may serve as a protective factor against problematic gaming behaviors or that 18 to 25-year-olds living in the US, who are not enrolled in school, are more susceptible to developing IGD. The most frequently reported IGD symptom in the sample (i.e., using video games as an escape or to avoid problems) is consistent with other problem gaming studies (e.g., Blasi et al., 2019; Chen & Chang, 2019). This finding suggests that emerging adults may use video games as a maladaptive coping strategy to alleviate negative emotions (e.g., anxiety), which may have valuable clinical relevance for constructing treatment approaches.