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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
In the past, most cancers were treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, however, with the passage of time and advances in diagnosis and treatment modalities, combination of treatments was observed to be more effective. Currently, precision cancer treatment (targeted therapy) and immune-mediated therapies including cancer vaccines, engineered immune cells, and checkpoint inhibitors and gene therapy have been introduced for the treatment of different women-associated cancers [3–5]. Similarly, hormonal therapies are helpful in treating hormone receptors positive cancer such as breast cancer by limiting hormonal growth factors [6]. Also, recent advances in genetic engineering and stem cell research have created the foundation for genetically engineering stem cells with anti-tumour effects as therapeutic vehicles besides dendritic cell-based immunotherapy [4,7].
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The ProsignaTM assay, developed by Nanostring Technologies Inc, received the CE mark (a type of European approval) in 2012, and was approved by the FDA in 2013. It is marketed as an in vitro diagnostic kit based on the PAM50 gene signature obtained from the expression of 58 genes. It uses gene expression data coupled with clinical variables to generate a risk category (i.e., low, intermediate or high) and a numerical score (i.e., 0–100) to quantify a patient’s likelihood of disease recurrence. The test is designed for use by postmenopausal women with node negative or positive hormone receptor cancer, and its main use is to predict whether five or ten years of hormonal therapy should be prescribed after initial diagnosis. This is based on research that has shown that taking tamoxifen for ten years as opposed to five years can lower the risk of the cancer recurring, thus improving overall survival.
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Based on the presence of hormone receptors (ER and PR) and the quantity of HER2 detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) and other related procedures, invasive breast cancer can be classified as: (i) hormone receptor-positive, (ii) hormone receptor-negative, (iii) HER2-positive, (iv) HER2-negative, (v) triple-negative, (vi) triple-positive. The availability of this information helps design tailor-made treatments for invasive breast cancer types/subtypes, and provides valuable insights on the prognosis of invasive breast cancer [19,20].
Hypothesis-driven weight of evidence evaluation indicates styrene lacks endocrine disruption potential
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
In this WoE methodology, specificity is also addressed by the requirement to evaluate the pattern of the responses relevant to each MoA and to interpret patterns inconsistent with the response expected of known effectors and inhibitors as unlikely to indicate activity via that pathway. Although it is theoretically possible for an agonist or antagonist of a particular hormonal pathway to exhibit a novel pattern of endpoint responses, consistent with the “selective response modifier” concept of hormone receptor interactions, a finite number of response types have been identified for the various hormone receptor systems, each consistent with ligand-receptor affinities, potencies, and the tissue distribution of hormone receptors (see Borgert et al. 2018 and references therein). Assessment approaches that fail to appreciate this basic feature of hormonal action, such as the key characteristic approach proposed by La Merrill et al. (2020), have little utility for identifying potential endocrine disruptors.
From ligands to behavioral outcomes: understanding the role of mineralocorticoid receptors in brain function
Published in Stress, 2023
Huanqing Yang, Sowmya Narayan, Mathias V. Schmidt
Steroid hormone receptors are ligand-activated and switch from an inactive state to an active state by binding to their corresponding hormones (Torchia et al., 1998). Since MR LBD shares high homology with GR LBD, MR has two main endogenous ligands: aldosterone and cortisol in humans, or CORT in rodents (Baker et al., 2013). MR has a high affinity for cortisol (Kd = 0.5 nM), 10-fold higher than GR (Kd = 5 nM) (Meijer et al., 2018). The circulating concentration of cortisol in the blood is about 100–1000 times that of aldosterone (Syed & Qureshi, 2012). Even if only 5%-10% of cortisol is actively free, cortisol levels remain much higher than aldosterone in plasma (Cizza & Rother, 2012; Mifsud & Reul, 2018). Consequently, MR will be entirely occupied by cortisol except for when the circadian cycle of cortisol release is at its lowest point. Aldosterone has the same affinity for binding MR as cortisol, and since aldosterone dissociates from MR more slowly than cortisol, the aldosterone-MR complex is more stable and potent.
Translational experimental research in gynaecological oncology
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Matthias B. Stope, Damian J. Ralser, Eva K. Egger, Alexander Mustea
Probably one of the long-established molecular markers in gynaecological oncology is the hormone receptor status in breast cancer. Since the 1970s, a positive hormone receptor stocking represents the indication for anti-hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients. Since then, a continuously growing number of molecular factors in breast cancer have been identified. A current example is the PIK3CA specific inhibitor alpelisib, which enables targeted therapy in routine breast cancer treatment (Hofmann et al. 2014; Shah et al. 2015; Jain et al. 2017). Other examples include the use of PARP inhibitors in BRCA mutated ovarian cancer therapy (Pilie et al. 2019) and the application of a molecular subclassification system of endometrial cancer to optimise therapeutic decisions (Kandoth et al. 2013). Beyond these factors and therapeutic modalities, there is a broad spectrum of promising new therapeutic approaches being under investigation as non-invasive physical plasma (NIPP). This procedure induces multiple protherapeutic local cell responses in NIPP treated tissue, is extremely well tolerated and minimally invasive (Stope 2020).