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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
Marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, isolated from the sediment sample of Marado, Cheju Island, Korea, has been reported to synthesize copious amounts of glucose- and galactose-rich EPSs when grown in a sucrose-containing medium. These EPSs are used as biosurfactants for detoxifying polluted environments, such as those contaminated with petrochemical oils (Ko et al., 2000; Lee et al., 2001). EPSs from Bacillus and Microbacterium sp., having significant concentrations of hexosamines and uronic acids, possess biosurfactant activity. The unique anionic nature of these EPSs can chelate cations, which is applicable in bioremediation processes. EPSs from halophilic Bacillus sp. have tissue regeneration property (Ortega-Morales et al., 2005). EPSs from three novel halophilic species, Idiomarina fontislapidosi, I. ramblicola and Alteromonas hispanica, have been reported for emulsification and metal-chelating activities (Mata et al., 2008). Halomonas alkaliantarctica strain CRSS isolated from the Salt Lake in Cape Russell in Antarctica synthesized EPSs with high viscosity, primarily constituting glucose and fructose (Poli et al., 2007).
The Tight-Skin (Tsk) Mutation, Chromosome 2
Published in John P. Sundberg, Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities, 2020
The heart of tight-skin mice increases dramatically with age as determined by gross observations as well as by wet and dry weight.12 This is associated with increases in hydroxyproline and CPK but not hexosamine content.12 There is an increased presence of collagen.13 Ultrastructural changes in the left ventricle of Tsk/+ mice include perivascular and intercellular edema, multiple foci of myocytolysis, and areas of moderate increases in interstitial collagen deposition.13 In a longitudinal study done to investigate the theory that right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) was due to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance secondary to capillary destruction, it was found that RVH developed late in life in Tsk/+ mice. There was a strong correlation between the severity of emphysema and this disease. However, no muscularized arterioles were observed in the mutant mice, indicating that in emphysema, RVH can develop in the absence of pulmonary vascular changes, and it is probably due to tissue destruction.14
Pregnancy-Related Proteins Detected by Immunochemical or Physicochemical Methods
Published in Gábor N. Than, Hans Bohn, Dénes G. Szabó, Advances in Pregnancy-Related Protein Research, 2020
This membrane-associated protein has α2 electrophoretic mobility, a molecular weight of around 100,000 as estimated by gel filtration and a subunit molecular mass of 42,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MP8 was found to contain 0.6% sialic acid and thus turned out to be a glycoprotein. The other carbohydrates (hexoses, hexosamines, and fucose) of this protein have not yet been determined.148
Recent progress in the development of nanomaterials targeting multiple cancer metabolic pathways: a review of mechanistic approaches for cancer treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ling Zhang, Bing-Zhong Zhai, Yue-Jin Wu, Yin Wang
Mutations frequently reprogram the metabolism of glutamine and glucose in oncogenic pathways. The mutations are apparent in Myc proteins, tumor protein p53, the Ras-related oncogenes, the signaling pathways of PI3 kinase (1I3K), upstream kinase, liver kinase B1-Activated protein kinase (LKB1-AMP), and AMPK kinase (Hao et al., 2016; Wieman et al., 2007). Oncogenic Ras is involved in the stimulation of both glucose uptake via the uptake of glucose by anabolic pathways and the enhanced activity of Glucose transporter 1(GLUT1) (Gaglio et al., 2011). Ras plays a critical part in the control of glutamine metabolism by directing glutamine carbon in the direction of pathways that promote cell growth and survival. Increased c-Myc expression contributes to the manifestation of numerous metabolic effects, such as increased glycolysis, increased glutamine catabolism, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, and increased glutamine metabolism, which results in the assimilation of biomass (Miller et al., 2012; Dang, 2010). Multiple pathways converging on glutamine and glucose show that these nutrients are abundant and fed into the central metabolism. Additionally, the two nitrogen atoms in glutamine are used to create the amino acids, hexosamines, and nucleotides necessary for growth. In essence, cancer research shows that cancer cells have much more complex metabolic needs and that multiple pathways support the glutamine- and glucose-dependent production of biomass in cancer cells (Kamphorst et al., 2015) (Figure 2).
Advances in oxidative stress in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease and efficacy of TCM intervention
Published in Renal Failure, 2023
Xiaoju Ma, Jingru Ma, Tian Leng, Zhongzhu Yuan, Tingting Hu, Qiuyan Liu, Tao Shen
In the glycolysis pathway, approximately 2–5% glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is converted to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and then enters the hexosamine pathway [13]. At states of sustained hyperglycemia, excessive F6P is converted to glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) under the catalysis of glutamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT), followed by generation of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) with the action of related enzymes. The UDP-GlcNAc is then used as substrate for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation under the catalysis of O-GlcNAc transferase. It was reported that hexosamine can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in endothelial cells and macrophages, leading to increased oxidative stress responses. Another study revealed that overexpression of GFAT increases NF-κB promoter activity and TNF-α expression in mesangial cells and stimulates the production of TGF-β1 and PAI-1, inducing inflammatory response, extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and diabetic glomerulosclerosis [14].
The clinical impact of maternal weight on offspring health: lights and shadows in breast milk metabolome
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Flaminia Bardanzellu, Melania Puddu, Diego Giampietro Peroni, Vassilios Fanos
Obesity is recognized as an inflammatory condition closely associated with oxidative stress. The production of ROS induced by pro-inflammatory adipocytokines released by inflamed adipose tissue, which in turn promotes a systemic inflammatory response, seems to be one of the main causes. Some metabolites found different in OW-OB BM could have a role in obesity related oxidative stress: methiltioadenosine, 2-aminobutyrate, glucose-6-phosphate and isothreonic acid could be considered as protective molecules and in this respect their increase in OW-OB BM [115,127], could preserve offspring against chronic inflammation and oxidative stress conditions in the long term. Polyamines also seem to have this role in obesity and their reduction reported by Ali et al. [146] may make the offspring more vulnerable to the consequences of oxidative stress. An increase in N-acetyl-hexosamines could promote inflammation and oxidative stress. A state of persistent inflammation characterizes the adipose tissue of obese subjects and represents a link between the immune and metabolic systems. An altered proportion of different FAs (MUFAs/SFAs, UFAs/SFAs, n-6/n-3 FAs, essential FAs) may have an important role in promoting it.