China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) and Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Jasbir Kaur, Sana Nafees, Mohd Anwar, Jamal Akhtar, Nighat Anjum
Hepatoprotective activity: Srividya and others have evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of G. sylvestre hydro-alcohol extract (Srividya et al., 2010). Acute (new) hepatocytes have been treated to remove alcohol from water containing various doses found in hot water. Manufacturers targeting different concentrations such as 200, 400, 600 µg/ml exhibit inhibition of the acetoxicity of the “D-galactosamine” coating, and at the 800 µg/ml harvest was considered “cytotoxic”. The cells showed a significant reversal of the standard chemical threshold (p<0.001) compared to different groups of galactosamine receptors when G. sylvestre was excluded from alcohol.
Glycosaminoglycans
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Glucosamine is a naturally occurring aminosugar found in glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. Glucosamine itself constitutes half of hyaluronan, keratan sulfates, heparan sulfates, and heparin. Epimerases easily convert glucosamine into galactosamine, which constitutes half of chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfates (see Table 1). It is entirely logical to extend the results from studies of long-chain glycosaminoglycans to their precursors, including glucosamine. Prudden and co-workers, from Columbia University in New York, attempted to isolate the active part of their cartilage powders that conferred an acceleration of wound healing after topical application to surgical wounds.1302 After analysis of cartilage batches that differed in ability to accelerate wound healing, the major difference was more glucosamine in the more successful batch. Therefore, glucosamine and Af-acetylglucosamine, both topical and parenteral, were applied to rat surgical wounds, and a slight increase in wound strength (3 to 10%) was found. However, topical application of insoluble chitin — a long-chain, linear polymer of N-acetylglucosamine — was associated with a 30% increase in wound tensile strength, which was greater than the increase from cartilage powders. This effect was explained by the large amount of Iysozyme in healing wounds, which presumably degraded chitin into N-acetylglucosamine in situ in large quantities at the wound site. Increased availability of glucosamine would then accelerate or enhance synthesis of new HA, GAGs, and PGs.
Recent Developments in Bioresponsive Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Deepa H. Patel, Bioresponsive Polymers, 2020
Drashti Pathak, Deepa H. Patel
Ringsdorf also suggested that a targeting moiety could be incorporated into the polymer to enhance uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. This was shown by the polymer therapeutic PK2, which is composed of HPMA copolymer-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-DOX incorporating galactosamine. The galactosamine residue enhances uptake of the conjugate by the liver by targeting the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, thus it was investigated as a treatment for liver cancer [1].
Neuroimmunomodulation of adrenoblockers during liver cirrhosis: modulation of hepatic stellate cell activity
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Mariana Yazmin Medina Pizaño, María de Jesús Loera Arias, Roberto Montes de Oca Luna, Odila Saucedo Cárdenas, Javier Ventura Juárez, Martin Humberto Muñoz Ortega
In a mouse model of progenitor cell activation, recent studies demonstrate that inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, either through α1-adrenergic antagonism with prazosin or chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxy dopamine, promotes progenitor cell activation and lessens liver damage [86]. Similar studies on chronically CCL4-intoxicated mice revealed that 6-hydroxydopamine and the sympathetic neurotransmitter prazosin prevented fibrosis [85]. Stellate cells may produce and respond to norepinephrine, as demonstrated by other investigators [87]. Recently, acute galactosamine intoxication and acute and chronic CCL4 intoxication were investigated. Authors demonstrated that prazosin considerably increased the number of progenitor cells (identified by OV-6) and dramatically decreased the number of hepatic stellate cells (identified by GFAP, desmin, and α-SMA) in acute and chronic rat models. The prazosin-treated animals had less fibrosis than the control animals, supporting the findings. Isolated progenitor and stellate cells both express α-adrenergic receptors. Prazosin is a well-tolerated medication that offers intriguing possibilities for upcoming therapy approaches [85].
The expression of p16 and galectin-3 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) uterine cervix
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Rabish Kumar, Shramana Mandal, Prerna Arora, Y. M. Mala, Nita Khurana
Galectins are a group of lectins characterised by a galactose-specific carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) with affinity for beta-galactosides. It is a 31-kDa gene product found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell surface and is also secreted into the circulation. They are classified into three subgroups based on protein structure and the number of carbohydrate recognition domains within the polypeptide chain. Galectins characteristically mediate recognition of N acetyl-galactosamine containing glycoproteins on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Galectin-3 is directly and indirectly connected to cancer cell activity that can contribute to oncogenesis, angiogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. In pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of cervix, the intensity of galectin‐3 expression increases as the cervical lesion progressed to invasive cancer. Thus, immunohistochemical staining of p16 and galectin-3 may be used as a valuable marker in diagnosing cervical lesions and predicting disease progression.
Recent developments in in vitro and in vivo models for improved translation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Jaydeep Yadav, Mehdi El Hassani, Jasleen Sodhi, Volker M. Lauschke, Jessica H. Hartman, Laura E. Russell
Alkharfy et al. recently studied the effects of compromised liver function on the PK of thymoquinone in a Wistar rat model (Alkharfy et al. 2020). Liver impairment was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of 800 mg/kg d-galactosamine. Galactosamine is a potent hepatotoxic substance that induces both hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis by inhibiting hepatic RNA synthesis via the production of uridine diphosphate hexosamines, limiting DNA transcription (Apte 2014; Saracyn et al. 2015). Treatments with D-galactosamine and gentamicin were able to produce significant hepatic and kidney injury respectively which was confirmed by a significant increase in systemic biomarkers (AST and ALT levels for liver and Scr and BUN for kidney) as compared to control rats (Alkharfy et al. 2020).