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The Concept of Behavior and Reaction
Published in L.S. Vygotsky, V.V. Davydov, Silverman Robert, Educational Psychology, 2020
An example, consider some of the simplest types of reaction, for example, when the stems of a plant stretch toward the sun (heliotropism), when a moth flies toward the light of a candle, when a dog produces saliva in response to a piece of meat placed in its mouth, when a person who has heard the bell ring at the front door goes to open it, and so forth. In all these instances, it is a simple matter to discover the presence of all these three components. The effect of the sun’s rays on a plant, of the light of a candle on a moth, of a piece of meat on a dog, of the ringing of a bell on a person all serve as the stimulus of a corresponding reaction. Internal chemical processes that arise in a plant or in the body of a moth under the effect of the sun’s rays, the nerve excitation transmitted from a dog’s tongue and from a person’s ear to the central nervous system—each is the second component of a corresponding reaction. Finally, the very bending of the stem of a plant, the flight of a moth, the secretion of saliva in a dog, the steps a person takes together with the unbolting of the lock— these all constitute the third, concluding component of a reaction.
Clinical evaluation of the patient with suspected ILD
Published in Muhunthan Thillai, David R Moller, Keith C Meyer, Clinical Handbook of Interstitial Lung Disease, 2017
Patients with an established diagnosis of CTD who develop indolent symptoms of dyspnoea, cough and fatigue should be evaluated for the presence of ILD. Patients who present with a rapidly progressive ILD over weeks to months should be considered for an IIM diagnosis. Diagnosis can be challenging if the onset of ILD precedes the appearance of myositis symptoms (46). Additionally, IIM consists of a heterogeneous group of diseases ranging from classical dermatomyositis (DM) with proximal muscle weakness, heliotropic rash and inflammatory myositis with elevated CK and aldolase to clinical amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM), also known as DM siné myositis. Specific consideration for CADM may be important as it is associated with severe ILD, yet lacks evidence of inflammatory myositis and the clinical symptoms of muscle weakness (47).
Inflammatory dermatoses affecting the nail
Published in Eckart Haneke, Histopathology of the NailOnychopathology, 2017
Dermatomyositis is an uncommon autoimmune disease characterized by both muscle and skin inflammation. It is usually a serious condition and up to one quarter to one half of the cases are thought to be paraneoplastic.197 Clinically, there is an edematous livid-red discoloration of the face, particularly around the eyes, called heliotropic edema. There is severe muscle weakness, which is easily tested when asking the patient to raise both arms together or to bend their knees to go down and then raise again without the help of their arms. Gottron's nodules are characteristic and seen as whitish flat papules on the dorsa of the fingers, particularly on the distal phalanges. The capillaries of the proximal nail fold may be altered.198 The cuticles are often hyperkeratotic and ragged.199,200 The lunulae may be red201 and the nail beds show splinter hemorrhages.202 Pterygium inversum occurs at the hyponychium.203 Nail thickening and hardness were observed. A case of loss of toenails was also described.204
Positive intercultural management in the fourth industrial revolution: managing cultural otherness through a paradigm shift
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
Christoph Barmeyer, Claude-Hélène Mayer
In parallel to these perspectives, Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) (Cameron & Caza, 2004) has been described as valuable in CCM and ICM. POS consciously centres on positive phenomena of interpersonal and structural dynamics within organizations. Thereby, it focuses on positive phenomena, which often follow problems and crisis in organizations. These crises are viewed from a positive perspective due to the fact that they trigger (organizational) learning and feedback positively into organizations (Cameron, 2008). This perspective supports the advancement of PIM and can be seen as a pillar of PIM through highlighting heliotropism (the natural tendency of living systems towards the positive energy – Drexelius, 1627 in Cameron, 2017), the change in perspective from negative to positive views in various cultural contexts and its constructive impact regarding performance (Cameron, 2017). Muckelbauer (2016, 39) highlights that often the heliotropic paradigm is not easily accepted in cultural sciences, since it is founded in natural sciences and the image that ‘plants move towards the sun’. However, the author argues that nature and culture are not that distinguished from each other, and therefore, it can be easily argued that not only plants turn to the light and the positive, but also humans and that this is why positive rhetoric can support a positive attitude amongst humans. The authors take this argument and expand it to the CCM and ICM fields to highlight that a paradigm shift towards the positive is naturally and culturally valid.
Rapid changes of nailfold capillary abnormalities during treatment for a patient with dermatomyositis complicated by lung cancer: a case report
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2021
Tomohiro Sugimoto, Sho Mokuda, Kakuhiro Yamaguchi, Kei Araki, Hiroki Kohno, Yusuke Yoshida, Shintaro Hirata, Noboru Hattori, Eiji Sugiyama
A male in 60s with a history of smoking for 26 years, which he had discontinued 10 years before, was admitted to our hospital because of muscle weakness, exacerbation of skin rash around the eyes and erythema on the neck and extremities. He also suffered from shortness of breath, hoarseness of voice and swallowing dysfunction. On examination, Raynaud’s phenomenon was absent. His skin lesions included heliotropic eruptions, Gottron’s sign and V-neck sign. In addition, his nailfolds also had capillary abnormalities. NVC (optipix capillaroscopy, produced by Optilia Instruments AB, Sollentuna, Sweden) was performed. NVC was conducted from the index finger to the little finger of both hands at the first visit. The figures of nailfold capillary microscopic examination are shown with a magnification of 200 (Figures 1 and 5). With reference to previous reports, the following capillaroscopic parameters were recorded: enlarged capillaries (defined as an increase in capillary diameter >20 mm) and giant capillaries (defined as homogeneously enlarged loops with a diameter >50 mm), haemorrhages (characterised as dark masses caused by hemosiderin deposits) [2,13–15]. The NVC scores are the sum of the scores of the eight fingers. Each finger was calculated on a 9-point scale with the sum of the enlarged capillaries, giant capillaries and haemorrhages. In our case, many enlarged capillaries, giant capillaries, and haemorrhages were found (Figure 1, 38 points). His blood tests revealed the following: creatinine kinase (CK), 2712 U/L; aldolase, 18.6 IU/L; C-reactive protein (CRP), 0.58 mg/dl; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 37 mm/h. The index of serum anti-TIF-1γ antibody, detected by an ELISA kit (Medical & Biological Laboratories, Nagoya, Japan), was determined to be positive at 111. He was diagnosed clinically as having probable DM, meeting the Bohan and Peter classification criteria [16]. The day when the patient visited our hospital and was diagnosed with DM was defined as day 1. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan revealed a tumour in the superior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung (S6) (Figure 2). We performed a bronchoscopy and biopsy for the patient, and the pathological diagnosis was SCLC (Figure 3). Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging examination of the head did not detect any metastatic lesions. A positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan revealed a single liver metastasis, which was confirmed by liver biopsy.