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Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Cavitation begins as a multistep process that forms the synovial space as the extracellular matrix degrades or changes through the death of interzone cells, differential growth (Kavanagh et al. 2002), and increases in hyaluronan synthesis and CD44 expression. In addition, mechanical forces play an important role in cavitation (Dowthwaite et al. 1998). Repression of chondrogenic signals by the interzone likely promotes differentiation of the other tissues of the joint into tendon and ligament, which also form from mesenchymal condensations and are produced in concert with the developing joint cartilage (Figure 2.13) (Pacifici et al. 2006). In the knee, the interzone will also form the fibrocartilaginous meniscus (Merida-Velasco et al. 1997). Following cavitation and interzone formation, the cells undergo differentiation via transcriptional activation of Hoxd11–13 (Goff and Tabin 1997). The molecular events described earlier correspond to the point of chondrogenesis and perichondrium formation.
Relationship of digit ratio with sexual steroid hormone receptor related genes - single nucleotide polymorphisms in a sample from Northern China
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2023
Jie Dang, Chengfeng Ma, Fan Li, Jing Zhang, Yuan Wang, Liang Peng, Zhenghao Huo, Hong Lu, Zhanbing Ma
As it is difficult to replicate the mouse experiment in humans, researchers have focussed on investigating the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in sex hormone-regulating genes. Medland and colleagues (Medland et al. 2010) first found that the SNP (rs314277) in LIN28B was associated with an increased 2D:4D, while Lawrance-Owen et al. (Lawrance-Owen et al. 2013) found that rs4902759 of gene SMOC1 was associated with a decreased 2D:4D. However, their results have not been consistently replicated in other studies, possibly because the contribution of a single SNP to the digit ratio is small (Liguo 2013). Recently, Warrington et al. replicated the association between rs2332175 in SMOC1 and 2D:4D using the largest genome-wide association meta-analysis. Besides, they also found 10 non-X-linked loci (GLIS1, rs4927012; EFNA1, rs11581730; LDAH, rs340600; OLA1, rs12474669; FLI1, rs10790969; HOXD11/12, rs847158; GLI3, rs77640775; SALL1, rs6499762; TOX3, rs1080014; and SALL3, rs4799176) that were associated with 2D:4D (Warrington et al. 2018). However, even with these 10 loci associated with 2D:4D, they only explain 3.8% of the digit ratio variability.