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Triterpenoids from Gymnema Sylvestre R.Br. (Periploca of the Woods): Biological Significance in the Treatment of Diabetes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
The Gymnemic acid molecules confer antisweet property to the plant, thereby exhibit prospects as “lead molecules” in the drug designing for Type-II diabetes. The secondary metabolites show variation in their chemical structure and are designated as Gymnemosides, Gymnemic acids, Gymnemasins A to D, Gymnemagenin, Deacylgymnemic acid, and various analogs, etc. Gurmarin (35 amino acid peptide) was isolated from the plant and its antisweet activity was shown electrophysiologically in rats [16]. Gymnemasins A to D are derivatives of Gymnemic acids and an important class of triterpenoids that were isolated from the leaves [56]. In addition, the plant also consists of different kinds of phytomolecules, such as gymnemanol, stigmasterol, anthraquinones, coumarols, lupeol, and hydroxycinnamic acids. A lupane-type triterpenoid was isolated from aerial tissues and the compound was named as (30, 160)-lupane-3,16,20,23,28-pentol [82].
Medicinal Plants in Natural Health Care as Phytopharmaceuticals
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
The plant has a good medicinal value and market demand; its leaves are used in diabetes, hydrocil and asthama. Its main ingredients are gymnemic acid, a glycoside isolated from its leaves, a destroyer of madhumeha (glycosuria), and other urinary disorders. It is believed that it neutralizes the excess of sugar present in the body in diabetes mellitus (Pothuraju et al., 2014). It is useful in the treatment of dyspepsia, constipation, jaundice, haemorrhoids, renal and vesical calculi, cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis, amenorrhoea, conjuctivitis and leucoderma. The leaves are also helpful in lowering the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The primary chemical constituents of Gymnema include gymnemic acid, gurmarin, stigmasterol, betaine and choline. The water-soluble acidic fractions reportedly provide the hypoglycemic action. Gurmarin and gymnemic acid have been reported to block sweet taste in humans (Bamola et al., 2018; Ramachandran et al., 2010).
Management of Diabetes and Hyperlipidaemia by Natural Medicines
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
Kalpana Bhaskaran, Ong Jing Ting, Tan Tengli
Gymnema sylvestre is a herb belonging to the class dicotyledonous of the family Asclepiadaceae. It has been used to treat conditions like diabetes and snakebites in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. It can be served in tea bags, tablets, supplements or in confectioneries. Gymnemic acids, gymnemasaponins and gurmarin present in the herb are phytoconstituents that are responsible for the sweet repression activity and thus, this particular herb becomes an effective natural remedy for diabetes. This herbal extract has been proven to be able to reduce triglyceride levels and blood cholesterol (Tiwari et al. 2014).
The downregulation of sweet taste receptor signaling in enteroendocrine L-cells mediates 3-deoxyglucosone-induced attenuation of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Fei Wang, Xiudao Song, Liang Zhou, Guoqiang Liang, Fei Huang, Guorong Jiang, Lurong Zhang
Although the essential physiological role of STRs remains to be established in a multitude of cell types and organs, it has been demonstrated that STRs expressed in the intestinal L-type enteroendocrine cells and is involved in the regulation of glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. First, human and rodent L-cells express STRs subunits, α-gustducin, phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2), and TRPM5 (Rozengurt et al.2006, Jang et al.2007). Second, studies with mouse jejunal and ileal explants, and/or the GLP-1-expressing cell lines, showed that GLP-1 secretion induced by glucose, a nature ligand for STRs, was blocked by the sweet receptor antagonist (lactisole or gurmarin), or by siRNA targeting for α-gustducin (Jang et al.2007, Margolskee et al.2007, Xu et al.2016). Third, in α-gustducin−/−, TAS1R2−/−, or TAS1R3−/− mice, glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion is nearly or fully abolished (Jang et al.2007). Fourth, lactisole reduced systemic levels of GLP-1 after intragastric or intraduodenal administration of glucose in human (Gerspach et al.2011, Steinert et al.2011).