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Cavitation, Thin-walled Cysts and Bullae, their Association with Tumours. Emphysema. Fat and Calcification. Spurious Tumours. Intravascular, Pulmonary Interstitial & Mediastinal Gas, and Pneumoperitoneum.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Fat pads adjacent to the base of the heart are common, especially in obese subjects, but may also occur in others, and particularly those having long term steroids. Pathologically they may be more common on the left, but they are usually more obvious on the right on PA chest radiographs. They may be seen as rounded or triangular shadows (on both views) and may sometimes be quite large and extend into the lower parts of the oblique fissures. Fluoroscopy may show that they change in shape with respiration and cardiac movement - i.e. they are semi-fluid at body temperature. They also mould and dampen cardiac pulsations, a point which can also be checked with ultrasound. They are also well demonstrated by CT. Differential diagnosis includes pericardial cysts, Morgagni herniae, pericardial or lung masses, right middle lobe collapse, thymolipomas (p. 18.23 - 24), teratomas, chemodectomas or loculated pleural effusions. A huge right-sided fat-pad which had been referred to the author as a possible bronchial tumour is shown in Illus. FAT PADS, Fatty mass Pt. 3a-c.
Surgery of the Knee
Published in Timothy W R Briggs, Jonathan Miles, William Aston, Heledd Havard, Daud TS Chou, Operative Orthopaedics, 2020
Alexander D Liddle, Lee A David, Timothy WR Briggs
The standard medial parapatellar approach is usually performed initially. It is usually necessary to perform an extensive synovectomy in order to improve exposure and to recreate the suprapatellar pouch and medial and lateral gutters. The fat pad is excised. Medial release should be performed to allow exposure of the tibia. There is usually a plane visible between the pseudocapsule and normal tissue, and this can be developed with knife or diathermy and the pseudocapsule carefully pulled away under tension. The PCL is usually sacrificed, this can be performed following implant removal.
Leg, foot and nail disease in the elderly
Published in Robert A. Norman, Geriatric Dermatology, 2020
M. Alam, R. K. Scher, P. I. Schneiderman
While facial skin complaints are more frequent, the legs are the second most common site of skin complaints in the elderly1. The average duration of these complaints is approximately two years, with the delay in consulting physicians attributed to cost, inconvenience, and a low expectation of improvement1. Dermatoses seen on the lower extremities include xerosis, stasis dermatitis, contact dermatitis, cutaneous infections, ulcers, stellate pseudoscars, corns and calluses, tinea pedis and nail dystrophies1–3. Etiologically, leg and foot pathology is exacerbated by fat pad atrophy and degeneration of collagen, osteoarthritis-associated problems, impaired circulation, and other systemic diseases4. Research into the molecular biology of skin aging is now attempting to clarify mechanisms for chronic damage in both skin that has been exposed to the sun and photo-protected skin5,6, like the skin of the legs of men. Impairment of the dermal microvasculature and the resulting decreased surface area for nutrient exchange may explain in part poor wound healing in patients with chronic venous insufficiency7–9. No general relationship appears to exist between skin thickness and age, but thickness appears to decrease with age in the skin of the extremities10,11. Hormone replacement in postmenopausal women may retard this dermal atrophy12.
Analgesic efficacy and functional outcome in refractory cases of plantar fasciitis treated with platelet-rich plasma: randomized comparative study with corticosteroids injection
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2023
Zeinab Hamed Sawan, Sanaa Ahmed El-Tohamy, Khadeja M. Elhossieny, Osama Hussein Abdel-Halim Basha, Amr Shaaban Hafez
US-guided evaluation of plantar fascia diameter and echogenicity (On a longitudinal view of the heel, starting at the frontal margin of the inferior calcaneal border, the maximal thickness of the plantar fascia was measured). In plantar fasciitis there is marked thickening of the plantar fascia e.g., more than 4 mm in association with diminished echogenicity, loss of fascial boundary definition distal to calcaneal insertion, or both [16] (Figure 1 & Figure 2).Patient’s satisfaction (modified criteria of the Roles and Maudsley score).Post-injection side effects e.g., hematoma, bruises, infection or heel fat pad atrophy [17].
Shedding light on experimental intra-articular drugs for treating knee osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Yang Zhao, Qianhua Ou, Yu Cai, Guangfeng Ruan, Yan Zhang, Changhai Ding
Recently, imaging analysis of joint tissues (e.g. cartilage, synovium, fat pads, and subchondral bone et al.) are showing predictive potential for OA. For instance, Ashinsky et al applied T2 maps of cartilage of medial femoral condyle for predicting early symptomatic OA with the help of machine learning algorithms [181]. More recently, Li et al. reported that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based three-dimensional texture of the infrapatellar fat pad was associated with future development of KOA [182]. Furthermore, the phenotypic abilities of imaging analyses are also reported. Lee et al. reported a set of structural phenotypes based on MRI-detected synovitis (inflammatory phenotype), meniscus/cartilage damage (meniscus/cartilage phenotype), bone marrow lesions (subchondral bone phenotype), and osteophytes (hypertrophic phenotype), and the tool was validated to predict the incidence of radiographic OA [183]. These strongly endorsed the importance of imaging analysis in OA research.
MicroRNA-4287 alleviates inflammatory response via targeting RIPK1 in osteoarthritis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2022
Mingyang Xia, Jiajun Lu, Yixiong Wu, Xiaoguang Feng
The procedures of the animal experiment have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Changzhou Cancer Hospital Affiliated with Soochow University (Jiangsu, China). A total of 60 adult C57BL/6 mice (male; 12 weeks; 25 g) were provided by Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology. They were then divided into four groups: sham + AAV-miR-NC, sham + AAV-miR-4287, OA + AAV-miR-NC, OA + AAV-miR-4287 (n = 15 in each group). OA mouse model was established as previously described [20,21] by DMM surgery on the mouse right knee. The mice were first anaesthetized intraperitoneally with 300 mg/kg Tribromoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). The anterior fat pad was dissected. Subsequently, the anterior medial menisco-tibial ligament was exposed and then transected. Then mice in sham groups underwent operation with only the anterior fat pad cut. When the wounds were healed, mice were intra-articularly injected with Adeno-associated virus-carrying miR-NC and miR-4287 (5 × 1012 vg/mL) administered with a 10 μL-microinjector and a 32-gauge needle (Hamilton Company, Reno, NV) once a week for 8 weeks. One month post-AAV administration, the mouse knee joint tissues were collected for the following assays.