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Protein Function As Cell Surface And Nuclear Receptor In Human Diseases
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Urmila Jarouliya, Raj K. Keservani
Signal transduction through cell-surface receptors is a common feature among living organisms. In plants, several different types of cell-surface receptors perceive diverse signals and stimuli from the environment (both abiotic and biotic) [82]. Among other receptors in plants, one of them is Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is a class of transmembrane kinases similar in basic structure of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) present in plants. RLKs are a single helical transmembrane segment that connects a ligand binding receptor domain to the outside of the membrane with a kinase protein (Ser/Thr kinase) on the cytoplasmic tail. These RLKs receptors mainly participate in the defense mechanism triggered by infection with a bacterial pathogen [83]. Some major functions of RLK members include developmental processes, such as the regulation of meristem proliferation, organ specification, reproduction and hormone signal transduction. Some of the receptor classes such as the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) receptors and histidine kinase receptors, can mediate responses to organic chemicals such as the hormones ethylene and cytokinin. Plants have threats from various pathogenic microbes and resist attacking pathogens through both constitutive and inducible defenses [84]. Pathogen entry into host tissue is a critical, first step in causing plant infection. The major protein of the bacterial flagellum is ‘flagellin’ when any pathogen attacks the plants; the signal to turn on the genes needed for defense against infection is a peptide (flg22) that is released by the breakdown of flagellin protein. Binding of flg22 to the FLS2 receptor of Arabidopsis induces receptor dimerization which, in turn, autophosphorylates the Ser and Thr residues and the downstream effect is activation of a MAPK pathway, this pathway activates a specific transcription factor (Jun, Fos, NFκB) that triggers the synthesis of the proteins that protect against the bacterial infection. Another receptor kinase in plants is lectin receptor kinases which have also a role in innate immunity signaling [85]. These lectin receptor kinases are classified into three types: G, C, and L [86]. G-type lectin receptor kinases are known as S-domain RLKs and are involved in self-incompatibility in flowering plants. C-type (calciumdependent) lectin can be found in a large number of mammalian proteins that mediate innate immune responses and play a major role in pathogen recognition [87], but are rare in plants. L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) are characterized by an extracellular legume lectin-like domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular kinase domain [88]; they were suggested to play a role in abiotic stress signal transduction. In the coming years, researchers need to explore the effect of protein structure on both upstream (ligands and their cofactors) and downstream (effectors and their signaling cascade) targets to develop a clearer picture of plant signal transduction pathways. Information obtained from such studies could lead to novel methods for managing plant disease resistance and signals are increased transcription of specific genes.
Microbial composition of a hydropower cooling water system reveals thermophilic bacteria with a possible role in primary biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Mariana de Paula Reis, Rayan Silva de Paula, André Luiz Martins Reis, Clara Carvalho e Souza, Renato Brito de Oliveira Júnior, Jacqueline Alves Ferreira, Helen Regina Mota, Marcela David de Carvalho, Erika Cristina Jorge, Antônio Valadão Cardoso, Andréa Maria Amaral Nascimento
Among the predicted pathways, some were directly or indirectly related to the degradation of polyphenolic compounds (aromatic compound degradation). The antifouling chemical strategy used in sampling campaign 2 was based on a compound rich in tannin, which is a polyphenol, suggesting that some microorganisms of the cooling system could degrade it. The lower abundance of those predicted pathways in FS2 compared to HEM2_15 suggest that microorganisms involved in carboxylate degradation and aromatic compound degradation were selected for in the microfouling community.