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Africa
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Rice Bran as a Vaccine Adjuvant and as Prebiotics in Reducing Viral Diarrhea
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is a gram-positive bacterium in the L. rhamnosus species that was first isolated in 1983 by Barry R. Goldin and Sherwood L. Gorbach (Silva et al., 1987). It is widely studied for treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases and infections, and increasingly for extra-intestinal diseases as well, such as atopic dermatitis, allergic reactions, urogenital tract infections, and respiratory tract pathogens (Goldin and Gorbach, 2008). It has been shown to reduce the severity and duration of rotavirus diarrhea and persistent diarrhea in multiple clinical trials (Basu et al., 2007; Majamaa et al., 1995). LGG has also been found to reduce intestinal permeability in children with irritable bowel syndrome (Francavilla et al., 2010). Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is one of the best-characterized probiotics used to reduce acute and protracted diarrhea (Henker et al., 2007), and was shown to protect Gn pigs from lethal challenge by Salmonella Typhimurium. Given the above-discussed effects of RB, LGG, and EcN individually on rotavirus and Salmonella infection and diarrhea, studies to examine their combined therapeutic effects in the Gn pig model are warranted.
Rotavirus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
The Gn pig model has been used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of passive antibodies and dietary rice bran supplementation on protection against rotavirus diarrhea.103,109 Oral administration of VP6-specific llama-derived single domain nanoantibodies was shown to be an effective treatment against virulent Wa HRV-induced diarrhea.109 Rice bran demonstrated strong effects on the stimulation of nonspecific and HRV-specific immune responses and protection against HRV diarrhea.103 In addition, rice bran significantly enhanced the growth and colonization of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) in the intestine of Gn pigs, protected against damage to intestinal epithelium while maintaining intestinal homeostasis, maintained intestine permeability, enhanced the IFN-γ and IgA protective immune responses during HRV infection, and provided complete protection against HRV diarrhea in LGG- and EcN-colonized pigs.189
The diet-microbiota axis: a key regulator of intestinal permeability in human health and disease
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Raju Lama Tamang, Anthony F. Juritsch, Rizwan Ahmad, Jeffrey D. Salomon, Punita Dhawan, Amanda E. Ramer-Tait, Amar B. Singh
The probiotic, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), has a rich history of use in human gastrointestinal disease that spans a century.108 Several studies support the notion that EcN regulates IEC-specific functions to control intestinal TJ functions. The first in vivo study to examine EcN influence on intestinal TJ reported that germ-free mice mono-colonized with EcN had higher baseline mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1 and that intragastric supplementation of EcN to conventional mice prevented DSS-mediated increases in intestinal permeability.109 Another study found that EcN increased the trans-epithelial resistance (TEER) of intact T84 colon cells and restored their barrier function following infection with a strain of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC).110
Effects of intestinal flora on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2023
Amina Džidić-Krivić, Jasna Kusturica, Emina Karahmet Sher, Nejra Selak, Nejra Osmančević, Esma Karahmet Farhat, Farooq Sher
In addition, the results noticed in the study conducted by Wang at al. (Wang et al. 2019) that the administration of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 had protective effects on intestinal injury induced by irinotecan. The key findings were that irinotecan treatment altered the diversity of gut microbiota composition. This drug increased the Proteobacteria relative abundance, compared with its abundance in control group. Therefore, Escherichia coli Nissle application improved the gut microbiota dysbiosis (Wang et al. 2019). In recent years, there were many studies (Diot et al. 2021) that have been developing a model system by using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to assess the response of the animals to different drugs such as tamoxifen. It belongs to the class of drugs called SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators that is the standard treatment for breast cancers positive for estrogen receptors together with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The authors of this study (Diot et al. 2021) changed the diet of larval stage animals with one of the three following bacteria: C.aquatica, B. subtilis or E. coli. After the tamoxifen administration to C.elegans, it was proven that tamoxifen toxicity increased in animals fed by C.aquatica and B. subtilis that showed a delay in development.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: intestinal pathogenesis mechanisms and colonization resistance by gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yucheng Zhang, Peng Tan, Ying Zhao, Xi Ma
Bacteriocins are bacterially produced peptides that are active against other bacteria and against which the producer has a specific immunity mechanism.142,143 Probiotics could produce bacteriocins to facilitate its probiotic function in a number of ways.142 For example, bacteriocins may function as antimicrobial peptides, directly eradicating pathogens;144 they may act as colonizing peptides, helping the colonization of a probiotic in the intestine trat;145 or they may serve as signaling peptides, signaling other bacteria or the immune system of the host.146 Mircocins produced by Gram-negative bacteria belong to the large class of bacteriocins.147 Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 could utilize microcins to limit the expansion and colonization of pathogenic E. coli in infected mice.148