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Transforming Growth Factor-α and Epidermal Growth Factor
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Epidermal growth factor, TGF-α, and HB-EGF are capable of inducing a wide variety of biological responses, both in vivo and in vitro, through activation of the EGF receptor. Many of these biological activities have been recently reviewed (Carpenter and Wahl, 1990) and, therefore, I will focus upon some of the qualitative and quantitative differences in activity that distinguish these growth factors. Both EGF and TGF-α stimulate the proliferation of cultured epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells. Curiously, they induce chemotaxis of epithelial and endothelial cells, but not of fibroblasts (Blay and Brown, 1985; Bade and Feindler, 1988; Grotendorst et al., 1989; Mawatari et al., 1991). In contrast, HB-EGF is mitogenic for epithelial and mesenchymal cells, but not for endothelial cells in vitro (Hagashiyama, 1991). The reason for these differences is not readily apparent, since all three of these cell types express the EGF receptor. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that these qualitative differences have been demonstrated only in cultured cells. If, however, these differences also occur in vivo, then the target cell responses elicited in a given tissue would be highly dependent on which of these growth factors is present.
Hormonal Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Published in Jean Morisset, Travis E. Solomon, Growth of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Gastrointestinal Hormones and Growth Factors, 2017
The present chapter will delineate some of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that allow cells to proliferate in response to hormonal stimuli in a manner that leads to coordinately regulated growth and differentiation. It is not possible within the scope of a brief review chapter to cover in full detail the large number of hormones and growth factors that have been implicated in this regulation. Instead, this chapter will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the biomolecular regulation of the cell cycle and cellular proliferation, and some of the complex pathways that are activated by hormones and growth factors. Special emphasis will be placed on describing the mechanisms of action of epidermal growth factor (EGF). Other hormones and growth factors, that also act via receptors and second messengers to activate effector pathways that lead to cell proliferation and differentiation, will be mentioned briefly.
Driver Mutations
Published in John Melford, Pocket Guide to Cancer, 2017
Cell division is controlled by signaling pathways and checkpoints in the cell cycle. It starts with the binding of growth factors to receptors in the outer cell membrane. A cell is only able to respond to a growth factor if it has a receptor to it on the outer membrane. Thus, growth factors demonstrate specificity toward cells types. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) mainly promotes the proliferation of epithelial cells. It is also able to stimulate the growth of some mesenchymal cells and glial cells.
Successful production of human epidermal growth factor in tobacco chloroplasts in a biologically active conformation
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
Yunpeng Wang, Jieying Fan, Niaz Ahmad, Wen Xin, Zhengyi Wei, Shaochen Xing
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) can promote the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells and regulate cell proliferation in the processes of embryo development, wound healing and tumorigenesis (Nanba et al. 2013). Due to its epidermal cell proliferation potential, EGF is widely used in the treatment of many kinds of wounds (Berlanga et al. 2013). However, EGF is a small peptide, and due to its small size (6.2 kDa), it can easily diffuse out from the administration site and may also run off from the serum (Kim et al. 2016). Moreover, EGF is quickly degraded in the chronic wounds and burned sites due to the high proteinase environment (Kong and Mooney 2007). Therefore, the successful treatment of wounds requires EGF in high quantity and multiple doses, which raises its demands not only in the pharmaceutical industry but also in the cosmetic industry (Kim et al. 2009).
Design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone-based derivatives as EGFR inhibitors with antitumor activity
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Amr Sonousi, Rasha A. Hassan, Eman O. Osman, Amr M. Abdou, Soha H. Emam
Molecular targeting therapy approach, that targets a crucial cancer-related enzyme or receptor, increases the tumour specificity and decreases the side effects3–5. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is mainly involved in the growth factor signalling. Abnormal signalling and overexpression of this receptor enhance downstream effects such as cell survival, cell proliferation and angiogenesis which lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis, which ultimately promote tumour growth (Figure 1)6. The EGFR is one of the members of ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors family7, and consists of two domains; an extracellular receptor domain connected via a transmembrane region to an intracellular domain with tyrosine kinase function8. Inhibition of EGFR by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) delays these downstream effects and lead to inhibition of tumour growth. Many breast cancers express 2 × 106 EGFR molecules per cell which is more than 20-fold the expression of EGFR in normal cells9,10. This overexpression of EGFR in breast cancer as well as other cancer cells including colon and lung cancers made this a potential molecular target for inhibition11–14.
Stem cell therapies for wound healing
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Nina Kosaric, Harriet Kiwanuka, Geoffrey C Gurtner
There is tremendous interest in developing biological therapies for the treatment of chronic wounds, which include application of recombinant human (rh) growth factors, and decellularized and cellular tissue. Becaplermin (rhPDGF-BB) is currently the only FDA-approved growth factor therapy and has been shown to be effective for the treatment of DFUs and chronic non-ischemic foot ulcers when combined with standard wound care [16]. The application of rh-epidermal growth factor as a topical cream or intralesional injection has been explored as a treatment for several types of cutaneous wounds in Asia and Cuba, but has not been adopted globally [17]. Finally, the use of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for the treatment of DFUs, VLUs, and PUs has been approved in Japan [18] and its application as a topical spray for the treatment of chronic VLUs has been investigated in the United States but has yielded no significant difference over the control group for the primary outcome of healing at 12 weeks.