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Tumor Necrosis Factor
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Severe local inflammation is often followed by tissue remodeling that consists largely of angiogenesis and fibrosis. TNF has been demonstrated to be angiogenic in vitro and in vivo (Leibovich et al., 1987). It mediates angiogenesis at concentrations comparable with, or lower than, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), angiogenin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) (Leibovich et al., 1987). TNF also stimulates fibroblast proliferation (Kohase et al., 1986) and can induce the biosynthesis of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and TGF-β (Tracey et al., 1989), a putative endogenous mediator of angiogenesis (Folkman and Klagsbum, 1987) and fibrosis (Roberts et al., 1986). TGF-β down-regulates TNF expression (Espevik et al., 1987).
Choosing among Competing Specifications
Published in Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle, Structural Equation Modeling for Health and Medicine, 2021
Douglas D. Gunzler, Adam T. Perzynski, Adam C. Carle
We specified education and neighborhood safety as exogenous variables with a non-casual association and direct causal effects on social support, physical performance and physical functioning. Social support is an endogenous mediator in the center of the model. All paths to and from social support were specified as “unknown” (dashed lines). The two primary outcomes (physical performance and self-reported physical functioning) were specified as having a “known” non-causal association.
Immune Modulation In Sepsis
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Janet M. J. Hammond, Peter D. Potgieter
Tumor necrosis factor alpha is critical in the host defense against infections, especially those caused by intracellular pathogens, but when produced in large quantities by the macrophage is an early and important component of the endogenous mediator cascade that occurs as part of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Plasma levels of TNF, interleukin 1, and interleukin 6 are increased in experimental studies after challenge with endotoxin or bacteremic infection [177,178]. Plasma levels of TNF are increased after endotoxin challenge in normal human volunteers [179], as well as in patients with both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteremia [180–182]. High plasma levels of TNF or IL-6 are indicators of poor prognosis in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock [126,180,182].
Dioscin attenuates Bleomycin-Induced acute lung injury via inhibiting the inflammatory response in mice
Published in Experimental Lung Research, 2019
ALI is a severe pulmonary inflammatory disease with persistently high morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory cytokines are known to play critical roles in ALI development. TNF-α is the earliest discovered endogenous mediator and amplifies the inflammatory response.39 IL-1β can affect cell injury, and its production could lead to lung epithelial injury.40 IL-1β and TNF-α are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play important roles in leukocyte recruitment and lung injury. They exacerbate inflammation, cause damage, and recruit neutrophils to the lung in ALI. IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, by monocytes and macrophages.41 In this study, BLM increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β NF-κB, COX-2, and HMGB1, and decreased the expression of IL-10 in BLM-induced ALI mice; however, these changes were suppressed by dioscin. The results show that dioscin protects against BLM-induced ALI by inhibiting the inflammatory response.
Undaria pinnatifida a Rich Marine Reservoir of Nutritional and Pharmacological Potential: Insights into Growth Signaling and Apoptosis Mechanisms in Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Abdul Rehman Phull, Song Ja Kim
Allergic diseases are immune system related diseases and nowadays affecting about one third of the population. Various stimuli, including chemicals, pollens, and foods, etc. stimulate immune reactions which in turn activate mast cells subsequently results in the release of an augmented endogenous mediator like a histamine marker of degranulation in cells. There are numerous other molecules such as proteases, proteoglycans, eicosanoids, chemotactic, and proinflammatory cytokines that are known as inflammatory mediators (27). In the beginning, type 2 helper (CD4+ allergen-specific) are produced which synthesize different types of interleukins (IL) such as IL-4, -5, -9, and -13. Subsequently, IL induces the synthesis of allergen-specific immunoglobin E (IgE) from B Cells. Furthermore, IgE and allergen binding results in amplified allergic reactions (28). The above-mentioned points indicate IgE and Th2 cytokine suppression as a key approach for the prevention of allergy. Undaria pinnatifida derived fucoidan stimulated type 1 T-helper cell response in normal BALB/c mice. Suppressed serum level of IgE and anti-ovalbumin immunoglobulin E were observed in fucoidan-treated experimental mice challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin. Moreover, IFN-γ amount was not increased, relieved pulmonary inflammation, and modulated the response of T-helper cell. It shows the potential of the U. pinnatifida-derived fucoidan for the treatment of allergic inflammation (29).
Quantification of Dermal Microcirculatory Changes after Topical Administration of Capsaicin: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study in 46 Subjects
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Ruth Christine Schäfer, Anna Sohn, Anabel Kersten, Amro Amr, Manuel Held, Andrea Wenger
The transient nature of capsaicin-induced vasodilatation on skin flaps has been described in rats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys and may be caused by the half-life and depletion of the endogenous mediator. This immediate effect could be of use in acutely capillary congested local skin flaps, finger replants or wounds. Further studies have to be initiated to transfer the data from animal models and healthy subjects to postoperative ischemic skin. Another clinical application could be post conditioning in replanted limbs or after free flap surgery. In these settings, due to tissue denervation, the side effect of pinging sting will not be relevant. Further investigations have to be conducted to describe and understand effects of capsaicin on tissue after sympathectomy.