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NO from Flaxseed Enhances Sexual Function
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
It was found that diabetic patients had significantly lower indices of Δ6-desaturase and elongase activities compared to the other studied groups. The same group of participants displayed lower erythrocyte levels of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid precursor of the messenger molecule PGE1 mainly involved in promoting erection. Moreover, absolute saturated fatty acids (SFA)s concentration and HOMA-IR levels were higher in type 2 diabetes patients with VED when compared to controls, and associated with impaired NO concentration.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Maternal and Offspring Metabolic Disorders
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Olatunji Anthony Akerele, Sukhinder Kaur Cheema
An understanding of genetic variations has posed a big question on the appropriateness of the one-size-fits-all recommended dietary allowance. Recent studies on SNPs revealed that the differences from one person to another may be greater than previously thought. SNPs in the genes encoding the fatty acid desaturase and elongase enzymes affect longer chain PUFA production. As such, what is adequate for some may be deficient for others; it is therefore pertinent to consider individual genetic variations and move towards personalized nutrition, especially during pregnancy. Nutritional intervention has been suggested as a tool for improving virtually any condition. Information about person’s SNPs status would proffer a platform for designing a nutritional intervention strategy that can improve the maternal health status. For instance, DHA intake during pregnancy may prevent inflammation-inclined adverse pregnancy outcomes in mothers with low ALA to DHA conversion efficiency.
Fat
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
Fatty acids of both the n6 and n3 series may be metabolised to longer chain and more highly polyunsaturated acids as shown in Figure 12.2. The linoleic acid (18:2n6) or linolenic acid (18:3n3) first has a double bond inserted at the carboxyl end of the existing sequence of double bonds by an enzyme known as a desaturase. The product of this desaturation reaction then has an extra two-carbon acetate unit added to the carboxyl end by enzyme system known as an elongase. The rest of the pathway involves two further desaturation reactions, one further elongation i.e. addition of two more double bonds and one more two-carbon unit.
Long-term follow-up of autosomal dominant Stargardt macular dystrophy (STGD3) subjects enrolled in a fish oil supplement interventional trial
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2018
Rene Choi, Aruna Gorusupudi, Paul S. Bernstein
Rarer forms of STGD are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The most common dominant form (STGD3) affects hundreds of people in the United States and is due to a mutation in ELOVL4, a gene that encodes for a protein that is involved in fatty acid metabolism in the retina (2,4,5). The ELOVL4 protein is an elongase enzyme that appears to be essential for the biosynthesis of non-dietary very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) in the human retina. These rare lipids with greater than 26 carbons are synthesized from dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) precursors such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (AA) (2). Mouse model studies indicate that VLC-PUFAs are required for normal structure and function of photoreceptors (6).
Gene expression profiling of rat livers after continuous whole-body exposure to low-dose rate of gamma rays
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
mRNA level of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), was decreased. Meanwhile, elongase of long-chain fatty acids family 6 (ELOVL6), which elongates saturated and MUFAs (Matsuzaka et al. 2002), was also transcriptionally down-regulated. In contrast to the decrease synthesis of MUFAs, the transcriptional expression of ELOVL2, which is known for elongation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (Leonard et al. 2002), was increased significantly. Another important pathway that was down-regulated was triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis pathway. Transcriptions of 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 9 (AGPAT9) and AGPAT3, two enzymes belonged to the TAG synthesis pathway, were increased in response to IR exposure. GPAT3 was also the rate-limiting step of TAG synthesis.
Lipidomic analysis of cancer cells cultivated at acidic pH reveals phospholipid fatty acids remodelling associated with transcriptional reprogramming
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Lorena Urbanelli, Sandra Buratta, Mariantonia Logozzi, Nico Mitro, Krizia Sagini, Rossella Di Raimo, Donatella Caruso, Stefano Fais, Carla Emiliani
The analysis of the lipid content showed that Mel 501 cultured in acidic condition contains higher level of phospholipids with acyl chains whose sum was longer than 38 carbons and higher levels of polyunsaturated species. The diversity of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids occurs through two different pathways: the de novo pathway (Kennedy pathway) and the remodelling pathway (Lands’ cycle)32. The present findings indicate that low pH condition leads to changes in the remodelling of phospholipid fatty acids towards longer and more unsaturated carbon chains, with the presence of highly unsaturated species with 7–10 double bonds suggesting that both sn-1 and sn-2 carbon chains could be unsaturated. This was confirmed by the analysis of total fatty acids and was related to an up-regulation of desaturases and elongases expression, as demonstrated by qRT-PCR. Besides, analysis of desaturases and elongase expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells and MCF7 breast cancer cells further confirmed that high transcripts level of enzymes involved in fatty acid desaturation and elongation is a key feature of cancer cells cultivated in acidic microenvironment. In fact, consistently with higher expression of elongases but not desaturases in PC3 prostate cancer cells, PC and PE analysis showed that longer PC and PE species are increased in PC3 cells adapted at low pH. Instead, in MCF7 cells adapted at low pH, coherently with a higher expression of desaturases, unsaturated PC species are increased, whereas the fatty acid chain length is not significantly affected. Interestingly, in this case there is both significant up and down-regulation of elongase transcripts.