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Different Dietary Approaches
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
Many diets emphasise a reduction in fat intake, which automatically reduces caloric intake, as fat is particularly high in calories. Fatty acids are a major component of healthy diets. Common saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and mysristic acid are found in animal products including dairy, red meat, egg, coconut and palm oils and chocolate. Trans fatty acids such as vaccenic acid (natural) and elaidic acid (industrial) are the most common types of trans fatty acids in people’s diet. The most common source of omega-6 fatty acid is linoleic acid, derived from plant oils, whole grains, nuts and seeds. Evidence suggests that a diet with a high amount of omega fatty acids, a low amount of saturated fatty acids and nil or a low amount of trans fatty acids might improve health outcomes and increase longevity.3
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
In the case of A. majus, the essential oil extracted from the fruits constituted dipiperitone, unsaturated cyclic terpeniole and a mixture of furocoumarins. Also, fatty acids were identified in the plant oil including methyl ester of linoleic acid, methyl ester of oleic acid, palmitic acid and linolenic acids. Other fatty acids included hexanoic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, elaidic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, tricosnoic acid and tetracosanoic acid (Hussain et al. 2012).
Fat
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
If one looks at the first four fatty acids on the list, these are all saturated and the melting point increases with the increasing chain length – all of these are solids at room temperature. If one compares the four 18-carbon acids, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic which have no, one, two and three cis double bonds, respectively, then the melting point decreases with each double bond and all three of the unsaturated fatty acids would be liquids at room temperature. The trans equivalent of oleic acid (elaidic acid) has a much higher melting point than oleic itself, it would be solid at room temperature, illustrating the earlier point that trans-fatty acids are closer in their three-dimensional configuration physical properties to saturated fatty acids.
Inhibition of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced platelet aggregation by fatty acids from human saliva
Published in Platelets, 2022
A variety of synthetic FAs were tested for their capacities to inhibit PAF (0.1 nM)-induced PA (Table II). The inhibitory activities ranged from zero for the saturated FAs to almost 100% for some of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, EPA, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid at 20 μM. Inhibitory activity decreased as the concentration of FA was lowered and there were small variations in the order of potencies. In general, the cis-monounsaturated FA were poor inhibitors with the exception of oleic acid (OLA) and the corresponding FA with a hydroxyl substituent at carbon 12, ricinoleic acid, was inactive. The trans isomer of OLA, elaidic acid (ELA), was a poor inhibitor but, surprisingly, the addition of further unsaturation as in linolelaidic acid (trans, trans-9,12) increased inhibitory potency. At a higher concentration of PAF, inhibition was reduced for a given concentration of FA, for example, LNA (20 μM) inhibited by 87% aggregation induced by 0.1 nM PAF and by 58% aggregation induced by 0.2 nM PAF. A comparison of the effects of selected FAs and fraction 10 on PAF (0.42 nM)-induced PA is shown in Figure 2. EPA and 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid at 20 μM also de-aggregated platelets aggregated by PAF (not shown).
Anti-ageing peptides and proteins for topical applications: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mengyang Liu, Shuo Chen, Zhiwen Zhang, Hongyu Li, Guiju Sun, Naibo Yin, Jingyuan Wen
Lipospondin, a tripeptide (Lys-Phe-Lys) conjugated with elaidic acid, was successfully synthesized to trigger the latent transforming growth factor-beta based on a certain domain of peptides. Due to the lipophilic property of conjugated elaidic acid, it acts with messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA) to prevent a matrix metalloproteinase (Cauchard et al. 2004). Several studies have illustrated that lipospondin can increase collagen, inhibit the production of metalloproteinase, and reduce metalloproteinase in the skin dermal fibroblast (Errante et al. 2020). Another tripeptide, lipospondin, has a similar anti-ageing activity, which is currently marketed under the commercial name SynColl® (Schagen 2017). An elastin-derived peptide was also developed by the same company, with similar effects and known as Biopeptide-EL (Pal-Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly) (Schagen 2017). Despite extensive research, the in vitro studies of these peptides for dermal fibroblasts have shown that the up and down regulation of dermal and epidermal skin genes is linked to oxidative stress and extracellular base functions (Aguilar-Toalá et al. 2019). In vivo studies from Arch Chemicals have also demonstrated that these peptides enhance skin firmness (Aguilar-Toalá et al. 2019).
Boletus aereus protects against acute alcohol-induced liver damage in the C57BL/6 mouse via regulating the oxidative stress-mediated NF-κB pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Luping Zhang, Bo Meng, Lanzhou Li, Yanzhen Wang, Yuanzhu Zhang, Xuexun Fang, Di Wang
For the main components of BA, 30.60% was total sugar, 4.80% was reducing sugar, 1.44% was triterpenes, 0.23% was flavonoids, 17.90% was mannitol, 12.20% was crude fat, 24.30% was total protein, 2.03% was polyphenols, 1.40% was sterols, 0.02% was vitamin B2 and 0.42% was vitamin B3; however, adenosine and vitamin A, B1, B6, C, D2, D3 and E were not detected (Table 1). A total of 17 amino acids were determined, among which the contents of methionine (0.60%), glutamic acid (0.39%) and aspartic acid (0.32%) were higher than those of the others (Table 1). Among the 13 detected minerals, K, Fe and Na were the most abundant (Table 1). Thirty-five fatty acids were measured, among which the contents of linoleic acid, oleic acid and hexadecanoic acid were significantly higher than those of the other fatty acids; however, capric acid, undecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, myristoleic acid, cis-10-pentadecenoic acid, elaidic acid, trans-linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid methyl ester, docosahexaenoic acid and octanoic acid were not detected (Table 1).