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The Aedes Fauna: Different Aedes Species Inhabiting the Earth
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Annette Angel, Bennet Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
As its common name suggests, the larval forms of the “Asian rock pool” mosquitoes have often been seen inhabiting the rocky pools and shallow vents. Besides this they have also been collected from tires, buckets, tree holes, kinked bamboo trunks, plant dishes, rainwater catchments, trash cans, discarded snack bags, fountains, etc. (Barlett-Healy et al., 2012; Kampen et al., 2012; Kauffman et al., 2012; Miyagi, 1971; Zielke et al., 2015). They feed on humans and other mammalian hosts like white-tailed deer, fallow deer, horses, and birds (Molaei et al., 2009; Wiligies et al., 2008). They lay eggs that are non-dessicating and enter pre-diapause stage in unfavorable conditions (Bova et al., 2019).
Embryonic Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Dan S. Kaufman, James A. Thomson
The characterization of human ES cells immediately demonstrated fundamental differences between these cells and mouse ES cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or other agonists of the gp130-STAT3 signaling cascade are required for maintenance of mouse ES cells as undifferentiated cells. Removal of LIF rapidly induces differentiation of these cells. In contrast, LIF is not sufficient to sustain human (and nonhuman primate) ES cells.18,20 Recent studies suggest this species difference may reflect the ability of the mouse reproductive cycle to undergo diapause.24 Diapause, a state of suspended embryo growth prior to uterine implantation, requires LIF or other gp130 agonists. Humans do not have such a capacity and presumably do not require LIF or similar molecules to regulate embryonic development.
The Cycles of Life
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Pinealectomy before metamorphosis may have a profound influence on the animal. PX prevents the metamorphosis of lamprey eel larva.199 Lampreys show developmental and archetectural changes in the pineal gland after passing from larval to adult forms.200 The insect brain counts time and number of molts through an unknown process.38 Saunders suggests that there are separate larval and adult clocks which act at different stages of development.201 Entrainment of the eclosion clock is through either a retinal or an extraretinal photoreceptor.202,203 Photoperiodic insects distinguish between long and short days, diapause being generally induced by the latter.203,204 Chippendale suggests that a brain-prothoracic-gland axis regulates pupal diapause.204 Thermoperiods and photoperiods interact in the induction of diapause at least in some insects.205 Low temperatures, “cryoscotophase”, may suppress the clock function that regulates the initiation or termination of diapause.
Photoperiodic adaptation of aanat and clock gene expression in seasonal populations of Daphnia pulex
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Anke Schwarzenberger, Patrick Bartolin, Alexander Wacker
In light of climate change, the effect of temperature on the endogenous clock will become highly important for adaptation of organisms. It has been shown that both the circadian light and temperature cycle are necessary for entrainment of behavioural and molecular rhythms of Drosophila melanogaster (Yoshii et al. 2009). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the fitness of northern populations of the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii that are adapted to a northern photoperiod declined harshly when transplanted into a southern photoperiod and a southern temperature regime (Bradshaw et al. 2004). Additionally, a mid-latitudinal photoperiod and temperature regime prevented the timely entry of southern populations into diapause. Therefore, the expected northern migration of high-temperature adapted organisms will depend on their clock‘s ability to rapidly adapt to a northern photoperiod.
Human exposure to larvae of processionary moths in France: study of symptomatic cases registered by the French poison control centres between 2012 and 2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Pauline Vasseur, Sandra Sinno-Tellier, Jérôme Rousselet, Jérôme Langrand, Alain Roques, Juliette Bloch, Magali Labadie
The pine processionary moth develops in the pine forests of the Atlantic and Mediterranean regions and more recently invaded pine plantations in central France and the Paris region [3,4]. Its life cycle is usually annual, marked by the appearance of the urticating larvae in the fall from the third larval instar on, the weaving of a silky winter tent, then the procession, and finally burial in the ground for pupation in the spring [5,6]. Pupae may enter prolonged diapause for up to 7 years [7]. Pine processionary moth continues to expand northward and in altitude as a result of global warming [4] but also through accidental introductions by planting conifers from infested areas together with their soil containing pupae [8]. As the rise in winter temperatures permits the processionary larvae to survive in previously unfavorable areas, almost all French metropolitan areas are now likely to allow the establishment of processionary moths, including regions located well above the current expansion fronts [9]. The life cycle of the pine processionary moths is influenced by climatic events such as autumn heat waves, which can modify the procession period (including earlier famine processions, sometimes as early as October, or later pupal processions until June) and thus the period at risk of exposure to urticating setae during the year [5].
Hypothalamus but not liver retains daily expression of clock genes during hibernation in terai tree frog (Polypedates teraiensis)
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Bijoy Krishna Borah, Zothanmawii Renthlei, Amit Kumar Trivedi
Vertebrate organisms adjust the period of endogenous clock(s) to correspond to annual photoperiod changes to perform seasonal physiological processes like hibernation, migration, and reproduction (Helm et al. 2013; Kumar et al. 2010). These seasonal breeders differ in their physiology during different seasons of the year and is called annual life history states (Trivedi et al. 2014). To respond to the environmental photoperiod cycle, organisms require behavioral and physiological plasticity (Stevenson and Ball 2011). To cope with adverse environmental conditions, organisms have evolved different strategies. Invertebrate organisms (insects) undergo dormancy called diapause (Bradshaw and Lounibos 1977), while some higher animals either migrate (Kumar et al. 2010) or hibernate/aestivate (Williams et al. 2017) during unfavorable environmental conditions. Hibernation is an energy conservation strategy to cope with adverse environmental conditions (Carey et al. 2003; Roots 2006). During hibernation, metabolic rate, heart rate, and oxygen consumption can all be reduced (Storey and Storey 2004). Hibernation physiology has been extensively investigated in mammals (Fedorov et al. 2009; Geiser 2004; Lei et al. 2014; Ruf and Geiser 2015; Storey and Storey 2004; Yan et al. 2006), with emphasis mostly on metabolic genes, which are differentially expressed during hibernation (Srere et al. 1992; Williams et al. 2005).