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Occupational Hygiene Assessments for the Use of Protective Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Adverse health effects from dermal exposure can be skin disorders localized to the contacted skin. Other organs away from the contact skin can also be damaged as the chemicals can be absorbed through the skin and transferred to other parts of the body. Such effects are systemic effects. Additionally, dermal contact can also sensitize the exposed person, and a small amount of the same substance exposed to later may trigger a severe allergic reaction.8
Principles of Skin Permeability Relevant to Chemical Exposure
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft
There is no question that dermal exposure to toxic substances represents a major occupational hazard and that successful anticipation of potential risk could significantly reduce the incidence of this chronic health and environmental problem. Recent interest in the transdermal delivery of drugs to elicit systemic pharmacological effects has stimulated research into the mechanism(s) of percutaneous absorption and a detailed understanding of the barrier function of the skin. On the basis of this emerging information, it is now feasible to predict, with a reasonable degree of reliability, the systemic exposure of the body to a chemical following dermal contact. It should then prove possible to determine, on a rational basis, whether a toxicity problem is likely and, if so, what steps should be taken to minimize the risk. To understand dermal penetration and the factors which control this route of chemical entry into the body, it is first necessary to review the salient anatomical features of the skin that control the barrier to absorption. The objective of this chapter is to identify those biological and physicochemical parameters which determine the rate and extent of chemical penetration across human skin. Subsequently, we will discuss how these parameters interact with the physicochemical properties of the dermally contacting chemical to determine the kinetics and degree of penetration.
Animal Toxicity Studies
Published in Nicola Loprieno, Alternative Methodologies for the Safety Evaluation of Chemicals in the Cosmetic Industry, 2019
Absorption of a substance by the body can occur through a variety of routes. If exposure takes place by inhalation, absorption can occur in the lungs, and in the gastrointestinal tract. If exposure occurs by mouth, absorption will occur as the substance passes through the gastrointestinal tract. With dermal exposure, the substance will be absorbed through the skin.
Human biomonitoring of low-level benzene exposures
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
The OELs for benzene have been lowered over more than 2 orders of magnitude since the first value of 100 ppm was proposed in 1946 to values between 0.05 and 0.25 ppm that have recently been proposed.Although the determination of airborne benzene concentrations at these concentrations is technically well feasible, accurate determination of low and intermittent airborne exposure is difficult. Moreover at these low concentrations (<0.25 ppm) the contribution of dermal exposure to the total exposure, and consequently the potential health risk, becomes relatively more important.Human biomonitoring of benzene exposure may solve the issues associated with intermittent airborne exposure and dermal exposure.From the available human biomonitoring methodologies, urinary S-PMA seems to be the most promising biomarker for the assessment of low-level (i.e. <0.25 ppm) exposures.Proper validation of urinary S-PMA for biomonitoring of benzene exposures lower than 0.25 ppm (8-h TWA) is currently lacking and would be required to allow compliance checking of benzene exposures at the recently proposed OELs in the range of 0.05–0.25 ppm (8-h TWA).
Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Catherine Champmartin, Lisa Chedik, Fabrice Marquet, Frédéric Cosnier
This narrative review is primarily intended for researchers aiming to experimentally assess occupational dermal exposure to solid toxicants using in vitro experiments. The experimental setup requires a certain number of parameters to be tuned and several choices to be made, including selection of the vehicle. There is no ideal vehicle, but in a context of risk assessment, a vehicle mimicking the occupational exposure scenario should be given priority. Very often, there is no obvious, or even possible, option. In that case, the researcher must identify the vehicle that has least influence on the skin barrier and on flux to obtain reliable percutaneous absorption results for the test substance. Thus, in the absence of sufficient data in the literature, we recommend performing preliminary experiments with the selected vehicle alone to test how it affects the skin’s integrity and hydration. If the researchers have the requisite histology skills, it is a good idea to check effects on the structure of the skin.
EDC-induced mechanisms of immunotoxicity: a systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Oscar Sabuz Vidal, Deepika Deepika, Marta Schuhmacher, Vikas Kumar
EDCs are defined by the Endocrine Society as exogenous chemicals or mixtures of chemicals that interfere with any aspect of hormone action (Gore et al. 2014). The WHO defines EDCs as chemicals that alter the functions of the endocrine system and cause adverse health effects in an intact organism and its progeny or populations. EDCs can be found in the environment and daily use products, including pesticides (i.e. DDT) children products, food contact materials (i.e. phthalates, BPA), textiles (i.e. PFCs as PFOS and PFOA), construction materials (i.e. FRs), and as a result of industrial processes (i.e. TCDD) (Kuo et al. 2012; Ju and Zouboulis 2016; WHO 2016; Martínez et al. 2018). People are exposed to these chemicals mainly by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure, and they tend to bio-accumulate inside the body. EDCs can also be transferred from mother to child through placenta and lactation (Chalubinski and Kowalski 2006; Fonnum and Mariussen 2009; Schuhmacher et al. 2013, 2019). Specific EDCs have been reported to affect the endocrine, reproductive, neuronal, and immune systems (Kuo et al. 2012; Sharma et al. 2017). Furthermore, it has been reported that EDCs affect the innate and adaptive immunity through different mechanisms resulting, for instance, in the impairment of T cell differentiation process or production of immunoglobulins by B cells (Segura et al. 1999; Kuo et al. 2012; Gostner et al. 2015; Lee et al. 2017; Bansal et al. 2018; Gutiérrez-Vázquez and Quintana 2018; Nowak et al. 2019; Predieri et al. 2020).