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Predictive Markers for Targeted Breast Cancer Treatment
Published in Brian Leyland-Jones, Pharmacogenetics of Breast Cancer, 2020
Hans Christian B. Pedersen, John M. S. Bartlett
Only 20% to 35% of HER2/neu positive tumors respond to treatment, depending on the context the drug is given in, and studies have demonstrated that this may be attributed to a combination of factors, including lack of pathway dependence, receptor being inactive despite overexpressed, or the induction of resistance through various mechanisms (32). Controversy persists with regard to the optimal method for HER2/neu testing and interpretation of results (33). It has been reported that it may be more cost effective to test all tumors with HER2/neu FISH, avoiding false positives and false negatives (28). This is a possibility, as FISH and, more critically, chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) technology become more widely distributed, and an agreement can be made on the best choice of HER2/neu testing.
Netrin-1 plays a critical role in regulating capacities of epidermal stem cells upon ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Peng Wu, Yongqian Cao, Ran Zhao, Yibing Wang
Netrin-1, an important member of the netrins family, was originally identified as an axonal guidance protein involved in the process of embryonic development [9]. Diverse biological functions of netrin-1 have been reported in previous studies. For example, netrin-1 plays an important role in angiogenic processes by interacting with specific receptors on the surface of the endothelium, such as UNC-5 homolog B (UNC5b) [10]. UNC5b is recognized as a dependence receptor of netrin-1, playing an important role in mediating the intracellular biological functions of netrin-1. Activation of UNC5b has been implicated in several physiological processes, including neural development, angiogenesis, inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis [11]. Interestingly, netrin-1 has been recently reported to improve the tissue-regeneration capacity of stem cells [12]. However, less about the physiological role of netrin-1 and UNC5b in UV-B exposure-induced impairment of the capacities of ESCs has been characterized. In this study, we report a new function of netrin-1 and UNC5b by showing that netrin-1 treatment attenuated UVB-induced impairment of the capacities of ESCs, dependent on UNC5b.
CD73 as a potential opportunity for cancer immunotherapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Ghasem Ghalamfarsa, Mohammad Hossein Kazemi, Sahar Raoofi Mohseni, Ali Masjedi, Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi, Gholamreza Azizi, Mehdi Yousefi, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
Another mechanism by which CD73 may involve in metastasis is that it suppresses lymphocyte trafficking to the metastatic site via inhibiting lymphocyte adhesion to the endothelium [115]. It is demonstrated that CD73 regulates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions which can affect tumor cell adhesion and migration [116]. Engagement of CD73 enhances its shedding, which leads to integrin clustering and promotes the integrin-mediated binding of lymphocytes to endothelium [75,117]. Based on the findings resulted from experiments on severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, it is suggested that pro-metastatic effect of CD73 expression on tumor cells is immune system-independent process and is mainly related to adhesion molecules [117,118]. It has also been suggested that tumor-expressed CD73 may trigger metastasis through autoactivation of A2BR and thereby increase cell migration [118]. A2BR can enhance metastasis through various mechanisms including the upregulation of chemokine receptors [119], function as co-receptor and increasing cancer cell motility via co-activation of the dependence receptor DCC [120].