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Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Conjugated fatty acids, products of lipid metabolism, are important bioactive compounds, especially CLA. CLA belongs to the family of isomers of octadecadienoic acid (18:2) carrying a pair of conjugated double bonds along the alkyl chain. As mentioned previously, it is synthesized through two consecutive reactions from linoleic acid. Many LAB demonstrate the ability to produce CLA isomers; hence meat and milk from ruminants and the derived products are the natural sources of these bioactive compounds. Properties of CLA administration depend on isomer, doses administered, and the period of study. Biological activities of CLA are expressed as inhibition of various types of cancer, immunoregulatory, antioxidant, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-atherosclerotic effects, and decrease in body fat mass. However, not all isomers are absorbed to the same extent, and there are some reports of possible adverse impact. Pro-carcinogenic effects and increased production of prostaglandins attributed to CLA 10-trans and 12-cis isomers have been reported. A negative alteration in the serum lipid profile and probability of developing insulin resistance have been demonstrated (Van Nieuwenhove et al. 2012; Lehnen et al. 2015; Kuhl and De Dea Lindner 2016).
Fats and Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
Another class of FAs is the conjugated fatty acids (CLA). They have double bonds with a different pattern of unsaturation. Most are 18 or perhaps more carbons with two double bonds in the -C-C=C-C=C- configuration. Because of the preponderance of 18 carbon chain lengths, these FAs are called conjugated linoleic acid. They have unique properties depending on the carbon positions of the double bonds. The 9c, 11t—CLA has a cis bond at the 9th position and a trans bond at the 11th position of the chain. This isomer is very anticarcinogenic2 and found in adequate quantities in full-fat cow’s milk. It is enzymatically made in the rumen from the linoleic acid in the feed fed the cows. However, a CLA with the double bonds in the t10 and c-12 position, known as t-10, c-12-CLA, is pro-tumorogenic3 and causes fatty liver in animals, and body weight loss just by shifting the position of the bonds and geometric configuration.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Published in Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell, Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell
To determine whether a metabolite of CLA could explain the reducing effect of CLA on body weight and adiposity, the effect of CLA and CLNA on body fat in male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined.16 CLNA is a highly unsaturated conjugated fatty acid and is expected to affect lipid metabolism. The 4-week-old male rats were fed a purified diet with either 1% CLA or CLNA for 4 weeks. Peri-renal and epididymal adipose tissue weight was reduced in both the CLA and CLNA groups; however, the effects were heightened within the CLNA group. These results suggest that CLNA and CLA may work differently in reducing adipose tissue weight.
Fatty acid metabolism in the host and commensal bacteria for the control of intestinal immune responses and diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Koji Hosomi, Hiroshi Kiyono, Jun Kunisawa
Some intermediates generated during the production of conjugated fatty acid likewise exert beneficial effects on host health51 (Figure 3). Certain lactic acid-producing bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum, metabolize linoleic acid and convert it to 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HYA).19 HYA is detected in the feces of SPF mice but not GF mice, suggesting that it is mainly produced by gut commensal bacteria. Subsequent studies revealed that HYA acts as a GPR40 agonist and enhances the barrier function of intestinal epithelium by increasing the expression of tight junction-related molecules.52 In addition, HYA suppresses colitis in mice by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.52 Like other bacteria-derived intermediates, 10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid, which is also generated from linoleic acid, shows anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages; it suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production by downregulating nuclear NF-κB p65 protein levels through GPR120.53,54 The α-linolenic acid metabolites 13-hydroxy-9(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid and 13-oxo-9(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid induce differentiation of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages through GPR40.55 Thus, dietary fatty acids are metabolized by the gut microbiota before they are absorbed in the intestine. Elucidation of bacterial fatty acid metabolism will lead to a deeper understanding of the relationship between fatty acid intake and human health.
Acylation of the antimicrobial peptide CAMEL for cancer gene therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Jingjing Song, Panpan Ma, Sujie Huang, Juanli Wang, Huan Xie, Bo Jia, Wei Zhang
In this study, our results showed that the cellular uptake and transfection efficiency of acyl-CAMEL increased with the increasing chain lengths of conjugated fatty acids. As a hybrid peptide with a short sequence derived from the antimicrobial peptide melittin, C18-CAMEL displayed an enhanced transfection efficiency compared with stearyl-rMel, which was constructed by attaching stearic acid to the retro isomer of melittin and was reported to display high transfection efficiency in our previous study. C18-CAMEL could condense plasmids into stable spherical nanoparticles, which could enter cells by clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis and escape from endosomes with satisfactory efficiency. More importantly, C18-CAMEL could deliver p53 plasmids into cancer cells and inhibit cell proliferation by expressing p53 protein. In addition, the C18-CAMEL/p53 plasmid complexes and the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a showed synergistic anticancer activity against the wild-type p53-expressing MCF-7 cells, although this combined therapy was not effective in all tested cancer cell lines. Taken together, our study provides an effective strategy for designing efficient and economical non-viral gene vectors based on antimicrobial peptides for cancer gene therapy.
The association between dairy products and psychological disorders in a large sample of Iranian adults
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Baharak Mahdavifar, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Amin Salehi-Abargouei, Masoud Mirzaei, Mohammadreza Vafa
Previous studies indicated that dairy fat contains a complex mix of different SFAs, unsaturated and conjugated fatty acids, and other constituents, each having various biological effects [26]. Furthermore, dairy fat’s physiologic effects vary according to the milk fat globule membrane’s content, which alters cholesterol absorption [48]. Some correlational evidence points out that high total cholesterol (TC) and depression are inversely related [49,50]. Besides, CLA has been proposed to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may, in turn, improve immune activity [51].