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Lipidomic Insight into Membrane Remodeling in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
The plant-sourced essential 18C-PUFAs, ALA (C18:3 ω-3), and LA (C12:2 ω-6) are not synthesized in animals as most of the endogenous fatty acids in reactions catalyzed by fatty acid synthase. Smaller quantities of LC-PUFAs can be obtained directly from the diet. For example, preformed ARA (C20:4 ω-6) is present in meats, eggs, poultry, and fish, whereas various types of seafood and coldwater fish are rich in preformed ω-3 LC-PUFAs, EPA, DPA, and DHA. Linoleic acid (C18:2) is a precursor for the ω‐6 family, whereas α‐linolenic acid (C18:3, n-6) is the precursor of the ω‐3 family.
Nutrition
Published in Barbara Smith, Linda Field, Nursing Care, 2019
Glycerol consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms they contain. Saturated fatty acids are those in which all carbon atoms are filled to capacity (hence the term ‘saturated’) with hydrogen; an example is butyric acid found in butter. An unsaturated fatty acid can accommodate more hydrogen atoms than it currently does. It has at least two carbon atoms that are not attached to a hydrogen atom; instead, there is a double bond between the two carbon atoms. Fatty acids with one double bond are called monounsaturated fatty acids, and those with more than one double bond are called polyunsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid is an example of a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in vegetable oil.
Exploring the Potential of Using Micro- and Macroalgae in Cosmetics
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
W.A.J.P. Wijesinghe, N.E. Wedamulla
Microalgae contain 1–70% oil or fat content on a dry-weight basis. Microalgal lipids are categorized into two major groups: storage lipids, which consist of nonpolar lipids (triacylglycerides); and structural lipids, which consist of polar lipids such as phospholipids and sterols. Microalgae also contain prenyl derivatives (tocopherols, carotenoids, terpenes, quinines) and pyrrole derivatives (chlorophylls). Moreover, microalgae serve as an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Sharma et al., 2012). Among these, essential fatty acids, primarily omega-3 and omega-6, are vital for the reliability of tissues. Linoleic acid is also used in the treatment of skin hyperplasia (Santhosh et al., 2016). Additionally, an influx of literature has provided evidence of the biological properties of the polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are the most extensively studied. Studies have revealed the beneficial effect of algae-derived omega-3 fatty acids on visual and neural development. Further, these fatty acids have been found to prevent many diseases, viz., heart conditions, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, asthma, arthritis, depression and schizophrenia (Ohse et al., 2014). Microalgae-derived fatty acids provide an alternative source to fish oil, which has an unpleasant odour and is often contaminated with heavy metals (Robles Medina et al., 1998).
Predictive serum biomarkers of patients with cerebral infarction
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Yan Kong, Yu-qing Feng, Ya-ting Lu, Shi-sui Feng, Zheng Huang, Qian-yi Wang, Hui-min Huang, Xue Ling, Zhi-heng Su, Yue Guo
Linoleic acid, a fatty acid, is an important metabolite in the linoleic acid metabolism pathway. Linoleic acid is highly valued for its excellent ability in reducing blood hypertension and preventing atherosclerosis. Normal metabolization and function of cholesterol in the human body rely on its combination with linoleic acid. If there is deficient linoleic acid, cholesterol binds to various saturated fatty acids, which can cause metabolic disorders, and gets deposited into blood vessel walls, which gradually becomes atherosclerosis, resulting in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [15]. One study demonstrated that the linoleic acid metabolic pathway is abnormal in patients with cerebral infarction [16]. In addition, the contents of serum linoleic acid was negatively correlated with the risk of cerebral infarction [17]. We found that compared with the control group, the contents of linoleic acid in the cerebral infarction group was significantly lower, which is consistent with previous literature [16]. Therefore, we speculate that the decreased serum linoleic acid content in patients with cerebral infarction leads to dysfunction of linoleic acid metabolism, which may be one reason for the occurrence of cerebral infarction. Because linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, it can be increased in the body to treat cerebral infarction.
Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
José Javier López-Cano, Miriam Ana González-Cela-Casamayor, Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero, Rocío Herrero-Vanrell, Irene Teresa Molina-Martínez
Another interesting possibility for supplementation of the dry eye disease could be the use of fatty acids omega 3 and omega 6. These fatty acids have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms as an oral supplement due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, recently they have also been shown to be effective topically in eye drops [222]. A study with eye drops containing hyaluronic acid and omega 3 essential fatty acids showed a decrease in corneal irregularities, in addition to reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in a mouse model of dry eye disease, compared to eye drops containing only hyaluronic acid [223]. Another study used various types of fatty acids formulated in emulsion. The authors tested alpha-linolenic acid omega-3 (ALA) and linoleic acid omega 6 (LA). These fatty acids were tested alone and in combination, compared to the vehicle in a mouse animal model. The formulations were applied topically every 48 hours, up to a total of 3 doses. In the case of treatment with alpha-linolenic acid, the results showed a decrease in damage to the corneal epithelium. Furthermore, the use of ALA showed a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1. These results may mean a decrease in inflammation produced in dry eye pathology [224]. The introduction of these fatty acids in liposomal formulations could be of great interest.
Nutrient and Food Intake of Participants in a Whole-Food Plant-Based Lifestyle Program
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Boštjan Jakše, Barbara Jakše, Stanislav Pinter, Jernej Pajek, Uroš Godnov, Nataša Fidler Mis
Fat intake was low according to D-A-CH because it contributed 20% and 21% of the energy in females and males (p = 0.252, vs the recommended 30%). The fat intake had an appropriate composition: very low intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA; 3% in both sexes vs the recommended ≤ 10%), low intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; 5% and 6% in both sexes vs the recommended ≥ 10%), and an appropriate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (9% in both sexes vs the recommended 7%–10%). Intakes of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were both much above the recommended levels. Females had significantly higher intake of EPA and DHA compared with males. Both sexes consumed sufficient amounts of EPA and DHA (> 250 mg [EPA plus DHA]/d) (52). The intake of cholesterol was very low in both sexes (7 and 8 mg/d in females and males vs the recommended < 300 mg/d).