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Dermal filler complications and management
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Internally, epithelial cells within the mucous membranes secrete mucous, a sticky substance which functions to both lubricate and moisturise the surfaces of body cavities. As it is both thick and sticky, mucous can also trap pathogens, halting their invasion attempts. Within the respiratory tract, these epithelial linings have specialised projections called cilia, which beat continuously and in unison away from the lungs. The function of cilia is to manoeuvre mucous out of the lower respiratory tract towards the mouth where it can be expelled via a cough or a sneeze; or swallowed and digested by the stomach. This process is designed to destroy potentially harmful microbes; however, it can inadvertently offer a method of disease progression through aerosol droplets. It is worth noting that certain diseases can result in impaired mucous and cilia function, namely cystic fibrosis (which causes excessively thick mucous production) and Kartagener’s syndrome, characterised by dysregulated cilia motion.
Ectopic Pregnancy: Extrauterine Pregnancy and Pregnancy of Unknown Location
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
The oocyte and the sperm usually meet in the ampullary portion of the tube, where impregnation takes place. The growing morula is transported by cilia activity toward the uterine cavity while differentiating into the embryoblast and the trophoblast. The trophoblast grows invasively into maternal tissue, and implantation in the uterine cavity usually takes place on day 6 or 7 after conception. Specialized enzymes are found in the area of implantation. The trophoblast cannot differentiate between intrauterine and extrauterine location. Thus, the same process of implantation occurs at any site. The changes that occur in the beginning of an EP are the same as those in an IUP. The patient is amenorrhoeic, the hormone balance changes, and biochemical pregnancy tests are positive. However, the patient has no further symptoms. For some time, the pregnancy progresses quite normally. It then culminates in an abortion in the tube, and the trophoblast dissolves from the tube wall. The abortion is mainly induced by an insufficient supply of blood and nutrients. Bleeding occurs at the site of implantation. The bleeding may cause a hematosalpinx and free fluid in the abdominal cavity. By tube contractions, the aborted tissue can be delivered into the uterine cavity as well as the abdominal cavity. The abortion causes hormone levels to fall. The battered decidua is seen as extrauterine spotting or vaginal bleeding.
The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The centrosome is an area near the nucleus that contains a pair of rod-like structures called the centrioles. This area and the centrioles are associated with the process of cell division. They produce the mitotic spindle in dividing cells. The centrioles also form the basis of cilia and flagella. Cilia are typically found on the columnar epithelium of the lining of the respiratory tract. They are involved in the movement of dust particles and mucus up the respiratory tract. The only example found in humans of a cell with a flagellum is the sperm.
Effects of hepatocyte growth factor-transfected mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in canine injured vocal folds
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
Xingqiao Xie, Xumao Li, Xinsheng Lin, Xiangyu Chen, Chenshan Zhang, Guangbin Sun
The VFs are continually exposed to inhaled pathogens, toxins, and foreign particles. Mucociliary clearance is an essential part of the defense system, which relies on appropriate interactions between the ciliated epithelium, the height of the periciliary fluid, and mucus. Mucus traps inhaled pathogens and particles, while cilia move both the mucus layer and fluid in the underlying periciliary layer (Kahwa, Balemba, and Assey 2000; Stannard and O'Callaghan 2006). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the HGF-transfected ADSCs group had fewer microvilli with a slightly sparse distribution than normal VFs, whereas these negative changes were more severe in other groups. Densely packed and extensively distributed microvilli can protect VFs from foreign factors, participating in VF repair.
CT imaging features of paranasal sinuses in children with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2022
Huiying Lyu, Zhuoyao Guo, Chao Chen, Bo Duan, Zhengmin Xu, Wenxia Chen
Cilia are highly conserved organelles that can be divided into four types: 9 + 2 motile cilia, 9 + 0 motile cilia (nodal cilia), 9 + 2 non-motile cilia (primary cilia), and 9 + 0 non-motile cilia. The motile cilia are abundant in the respiratory tract, the Fallopian tubes, the deferent ducts, and the brain ependyma. Motile cilia are essential for mucociliary clearance and transport of fluid. The nodal cilia plays a vital role in establishing left–right body orientation during early embryonic development. Abnormalities in nodal cilia can lead to laterality defects that include situs inversus, heterotaxy, or dextrocardia that may be associated with congenital heart abnormalities. The underlying cause of PCD is mutations in genes encoding structural and/or functional proteins of the cilia. To date, over 50 PCD genes have been identified [13,14].
Odorranalectin modified PEG–PLGA/PEG–PBLG curcumin-loaded nanoparticle for intranasal administration
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Xinrui Li, Jing Su, Zul Kamal, Pengcheng Guo, Xinyi Wu, Lina Lu, Hongbing Wu, Mingfeng Qiu
Nasal cilia are the first part of nasal self-protection. The nasal cavity removes foreign matter by the oscillating effects of cilia. The drug inevitably has certain effects on intranasal cilia after nasal administration. Therefore, it is necessary to test the nasal ciliotoxicity of the drug-loading system. Cilia are mobile fingerlike appendages extending from the surface of the nasal epithelial cells. Cilia move in a well-organized and coordinated way to propel the overlying mucus layer toward the throat, which contribute to the body’s primary nonspecific defense mechanism by clearing potential hazardous substances. Snigdha Das Mandal et al. using excised sheep nasal mucosa to study nasal ciliotoxicity of mucoadhesive microemulsion gel based on maximum Cur solubility, and optical microscopic results showed no mucociliary damage for CMME [39]. Sood et al. elaborated that curcumin nanoemulsion did not show any nasal ciliotoxicity and were safe for intranasal delivery [33]. Nasal ciliotoxicity studies of mucoadhesive microemulsion of curcumin was carried out using excised sheep nasal mucosa and the study exhibited no toxicity [31]. We designed two nasal ciliotoxicity tests of bullfrog palate mucosa model and rat nasal mucosa model.