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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
This dissociation between reflex and emotionally induced tearing may reflect a subtle abnormality in corneal V1, despite normal corneal examination. The afferent component of the peripheral sensory lacrimation reflex is from free nerve ending in the conjunctiva, cornea, anterior uvea, and nasal mucosa through the V1 of the trigeminal nerve to the pontine lacrimal nucleus. Affective lacrimation stems from the limbic lobes to the lacrimal nucleus, where efferents of both types of lacrimation project through the lacrimal nerves to the lacrimal glands. Propanethial-S-oxide, the volatile trigeminal lacrimatory factor of onions, induced tearing OS, but not OD. This chemesthesis reflex asymmetry is analogous to the afferent pupillary defect, Marcus Gunn pupil, in the visual system (Hirsch, Sherman, Roussos, and Hirsch 2014).
A review of dry eye disease therapies: exploring the qualities of varenicline solution nasal spray
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2023
Siddharth Bhargava, Ranjani Panda, Asma M Azam, John D Sheppard
Quantitative measurements of the nasolacrimal reflex can be performed by assessing tear film formation from sniffing a trigeminal stimulant such as ammonia [63]. This is made possible through chemesthesis, a chemosensory process that allows the detection of exogenous toxins or irritants through mucocutaneous neurons; in this instance, through the trigeminal nerve endings in the nasal cavity [64–66]. Abnormality in this response could suggest an otoneurological lesion in the NLR [56,63,67]. Although this reflex arc was historically used as a diagnostic modality, recent developments have allowed the NLR to serve as a therapeutic target [14].