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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Glycosphingolipids are lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue linked to ceramide moiety. They are found in brain and nervous tissue. Ceramides are amides of fatty acids which are long-chain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids (138).
Atopic Dermatitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Luz Fonacier, Amanda Schneider
Atopic dermatitis has a pathogenesis of complex immune dysregulation and interplay of genetic, environmental, epidermal and psychological factors. The stratum corneum of healthy skin functions as a barrier and provides water-retaining properties. It contains an extracellular lipid matrix including ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids (Leung 2001). When this layer becomes dry and fissured, it becomes a portal of entry for bacteria, mostly commonly Staphylococcus aureus. Disruption of the integrity of the stratum corneum exposes epidermal and dermal extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin and collagen which can serve as anchors for S. aureus binding via adhesions (Cho et al. 2001). In AD, the stratum corneum lipid composition contains decreased levels of ceramides and sphingosine which normally act as water-retaining molecules. Deficient ceramide increases secretion of ceramidases, which leads to increased transepidermal water loss, resulting in dry, cracked skin of AD (Cardona et al. 2006, Arikawa et al. 2002). Sphingosine has been shown to normally possess antimicrobial properties, thus deficiencies may favor bacterial colonization (Arikawa et al. 2002).
Biology of the Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Three intercellular lipids are implicated in epidermal barrier function: sphmgolipids, free sterols, and free fatty acids (21). In addition, it is thought that the lamellar bodies, discussed previously (Odland bodies, membrane-coating granules, cementsomes), containing sphingolipids, free sterols, and phospholipids, play a key role in barrier function and are essential to trap water and prevent excessive water loss (22,23). The lipids are necessaiy for barrier function, since solvent extraction of these chemicals leads to xerosis, directly proportional to the amount of lipid removed (24). The major lipid by weight found in the stratum corneum is ceramide, which becomes sphingolipid if glycosylated via the primary alcohol of sphingosine (25). Ceramides possess the majority of the long-chain fatty acids and linoleic acid in the skin.
A comprehensive review on recent nanosystems for enhancing antifungal activity of fenticonazole nitrate from different routes of administration
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sadek Ahmed, Maha M. Amin, Sinar Sayed
Considering the topical nanosystems, cerosomes are composed of ceramide, phospholipid and surfactants. Ceramides are simple hydrophobic component that represent 50% of stratum corneum, thereby extensively used in long-term skin protection products. Their presence could optimize vesicle particle size, EE %, ZP and permeation (Su et al., 2017). However, Trans-novasomes represent a modification of novasomes in order to augment its topical activity against tinea corporis. They are composed of oleic acid (instead of stearic acid), cholesterol, span 60 (instead of span 80) and Brij (additional surfactant). The polyethylene glycol (PEG) content of Brij has the ability to enhance topical permeation into deep tissues and to extend the retention time (Vega et al., 2013; Rangsimawong et al., 2014).
Effect of sphingosine and inoculum concentrations on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Minyoung Kim, Jada S. McMahon, Julianna M. Nerone, Luciana H. Skinner, Guy K. German, Cláudia N. H. Marques
Skin lipids play an essential role in barrier function by minimizing water loss across the skin. Ceramides are the most common lipid naturally produced by the skin (Grubauer et al. 1989; Ananthapadmanabhan et al. 2004). Sphingosine, a principal component of ceramides, which can also exist on the skin in a free unbound state (Wertz and Downing 1990), have selective antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus (Fischer et al. 2012; 2013). Compared to healthy skin, AD skin features an impaired barrier function with reduced levels of both ceramides (Imokawa et al. 1991; Ishikawa et al. 2010; Imokawa and Ishida 2014) and sphingosine (Arikawa et al. 2002). As such, there may be a decreased regulation of S. aureus colonization on the skin of AD patients. Most S. aureus strains isolated from AD skin can form biofilms (Byrd et al. 2017) which are known to be more resilient to antimicrobials (Stewart and Costerton 2001). Previous studies of S. aureus susceptibility to sphingosine have been established on planktonic cultures instead of biofilms. Therefore, it is likely that S. aureus residing on the skin of AD patients exhibit a different susceptibility to sphingosine than what has previously been demonstrated, further rendering the skin more favorable for S. aureus colonization.
Utilization of PEGylated cerosomes for effective topical delivery of fenticonazole nitrate: in-vitro characterization, statistical optimization, and in-vivo assessment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Rofida Albash, Carol Yousry, Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-Mahallawi, Ahmed Adel Alaa-Eldin
Ceramides are the simplest and the most hydrophobic type of sphingolipids, which are responsible for the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC). Ceramides represent 50% of the lipid weight of the SC, however, they are present in a much lower proportion in cell membranes (Khazanov et al., 2008). Some reports support that ceramide-containing formulations, at an optimum concentration of 0.05% w/w; may aid in the renewal of the skin’s natural protective layer and formation of an effective barrier against moisture loss. This is particularly suitable for long-term protection and repair of sensitive and dry skin (Su et al., 2017). Several studies have been devoted to identify the different types of ceramides present in the human skin and their functionwhere they reported that alterations in ceramide content are associated with many skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and topical fungal infections (Meckfessel & Brandt, 2014). A study conducted on mice showed that ceramide was essential for their survival. Mice deficient in ceramide died shortly after birth as a result of trans-epidermal water loss. Cultured skin from mice was also more susceptible to colonization by Candida albicans, emphasizing the importance of skin barrier function to protect against foreign insults (Jennemann et al., 2012).