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The Integrative Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Prevention Program
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of fat the human body cannot make on its own. However, they are an essential fat, which means they are needed to survive and assure good health. We get omega-3 fatty acids from our foods. The human body can make most of the types of fats it needs from other fats or raw materials. That is not the case for omega-3 fatty acids. These are essential fats that come from fish, vegetable oils, nuts (especially walnuts), flax seeds, flaxseed oil, algae, and leafy vegetables. They are an integral part of all cell membranes throughout the body and affect the function of the cell receptors in these membranes. They provide the starting point for making hormones that regulate blood clotting, contraction and relaxation of artery walls, and inflammation. They also bind to receptors in cells that regulate genetic function. Likely due to these effects, omega-3 fats have been shown to help prevent and treat all types of heart disease, especially CHD and stroke, and other health conditions.
The science of biotechnology
Published in Ronald P. Evens, Biotechnology, 2020
Figure 4.3 presents a diagram of a cell receptor (a very complex multifaceted structure) that is found on the cell wall, which is responsible for the activation of the cell to perform a particular function. Cell receptors are stimulated by the binding of a protein or drug ligand to the receptors.
Photoimmunology: Effects of Ultraviolet B Radiation on Cutaneous Photocarcinogenesis and Allergic Contact Sensitivity
Published in Henry W. Lim, Nicholas A. Soter, Clinical Photomedicine, 2018
Ponciano D. Cruz, Paul R. Bergstresser
Unlike B cells, which recognize antigens free in solution by their native conformation, T cells require antigen to be presented to its T-cell receptor in the form of oligopeptides (10–20 amino acids long) bound to MHC molecules (class I in the case of CD8+ T cells and class II in the case of CD4+ T cells) on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells (31) (Fig. 4). Although engagement of the oligopeptide/MHC complex with the T-cell receptor is essential for antigen-specific T-cell activation and proliferation, binding of other molecules on antigen-presenting cells to appropriate ligands on T cells also contributes to antigen-specific activation (Fig. 4). These accessory molecule-ligand interactions may strengthen the engagement of antigen presenting cells and T cells (adhesion molecules), modify the signal initiated through the T-cell receptor, or initiate signaling events distinct from those of the T-cell receptor (costimulatory molecules) (31). Two subsets of CD4+ T cells in mice have been identified: Th1 cells mediate delayed-in-time hypersensitivity responses and tumor cytolysis, whereas Th2 cells help B cells produce primary antibody responses. In addition, Th1 secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and lymphotoxin, whereas Th2 produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, and IL-10 (31).
Emerging peptide therapeutics for the treatment of ovarian cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2023
Ana C. Veneziani, Eduardo Gonzalez-Ochoa, Amit M. Oza
Peptides are composed of short sequences of amino acids and are held together by peptide bonds. They are structural segments of proteins and are subdivided into oligopeptides and polypeptides [42]. Therapeutic peptides and proteins bind to cell receptors with high affinity and trigger intracellular effects. They are vital for cellular activity, such as cell growth, energy metabolism, material transport, signal transmission, and immune regulation [43–45]. Most of these peptides and proteins are expressed on the tumor cell surface and are classified as tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Other emerging targets are the cancer-testis antigens (CTA), which are expressed in a wide range of cancer types. In contrast, their expression in normal tissues is restricted to immune privileged sites such as testis and placenta [46]. Some of these peptides and proteins are ideal targets for cancer-specific immunotherapy.
LCK, FOXC1 and hsa-miR-146a-5p as potential immune effector molecules associated with rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Xuemeng Chen, Li Xie, Yi Jiang, Ronghua Zhang, Wei Wu
Genes causing complex diseases always participate in common biological processes in various kinds of biological networks (Zhang et al. 2020). Co-expression networks could provide information of co-regulation genes that function in the regulation processes and relationships of transcriptome components disturbed, and enrichment analysis of DEGs is necessary (Kotni et al. 2016, Kliebenstein 2020). We constructed a PPI network encoded by DEGs and identified the subsequent top 10 closely related genes: LCK, GZMA, GZMB, CD2, LAG3, IL-15, TNFRSF4, CD247, CCR5 and CCR7. These genes are key nodes for the construction a PPI network and play a distinct role in the pathogenesis of RA. Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), an Src family member, is a lymphoid-specific cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase that is essential for activating T cell receptor signalling and T cells (Isakov and Biesinger 2000).
Probiotics for the Treatment of Gastric Diseases
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Yingying Xing, Xinyue Gu, Guojing Ruan, Simiao Chen
Bacteriocins are polypeptides or precursor polypeptides with antibacterial activity produced by the ribosome synthesis mechanism in the metabolic process of certain bacteria. They first bind to the target cell receptor in a reversible form to trigger its action, and then can irreversibly cause the target cell to produce morphological or biological changes to destroy the cell (21). Collado et al. proved for the first time that a protein-like antibacterial compound (bacteriocin) isolated from the cell-free supernatant of Bifidobacterium BIR-0307, BIR-0312, and BIR-0324 strains can control the growth of clinically isolated H. pylori (22). Indeed, when pure bacteriocin produced by L. acidophilus BA28 was used to treat the cell suspension of H. pylori in BHI broth, the number of H. pylori decreased in a concentration-dependent manner (23). Bacteriocin produced by some probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, can also inhibit urease (12) and may suppress or kill pathogenic bacteria by directly acting on H. pylori or by affecting urease activity.