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Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
The essential cofactor involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotides is folate or vitamin B9 that are crucial for cellular replication and growth. S. cerevisiae produces high amount of folate per weight and is regarded as the rich dietary source of native folate.107 The mesophilic LAB cultures (such as: Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Oenococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus, and Weissella34) especially Lactococcus spp. are able to produce vitamin-K by metabolization.83 Fermentation also enhances the bioavailability of vitamin B12 10-folds that helps in the formation and functioning of nervous system and formation of blood cells.188
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Currently, there are commercial probiotic products prepared from several species of bacteria such as Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Carnobacterium spp., and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, among others (Cruz et al. 2012). In particular, only one probiotic was authorized for use in aquaculture in the European Union; Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM MA 18/5 M, acid-lactic bacteria (Ramos et al. 2013) Bactocell® Aquaculture (Lallemand Inc., Canada) is internationally certified according to quality and safety standards (QPS status), effectively improving the production processes of some fish and salmonids (EFSA 2012).
Bacteriocins as Anticancer Peptides: A Biophysical Approach
Published in Ananda M. Chakrabarty, Arsénio M. Fialho, Microbial Infections and Cancer Therapy, 2019
Filipa D. Oliveira, Miguel A.R.B. Castanho, Diana Gaspar
Wang et al. reanalyzed the NMR spectra obtained by Frageau and coworkers, namely the total correlation spectroscopy spectra (TOCSY) and 2D nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) [134], and they applied NMR to unravel the secondary structure of carnobacteriocin B2 (CbnB2), a type IIa bacteriocin from Carnobacterium piscicola LV17B [135]. With this study it was possible to obtain detailed information about CbnB2’s secondary structure [135]. Also, a comparative study between LeuA and CbnB2 structures revealed that, despite these bacteriocins exhibiting a high degree of similarity in their sequences, the conformation adopted by the N-terminus differs when in TFE [135]. While the N-terminus of LeuA adopts a three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet in TFE, the N-terminus of CbnB2 is disordered [135]. This difference in both structures may be a result of different secondary structural propensities and different effect of TFE on both amphipathic structures [135]. Additionally, this variation in the N-terminus structure points out that the β-sheet structure present in the N-terminus of LeuA may not be a requirement for type IIa bacteriocins’ function [135].
An oxidation resistant pediocin PA-1 derivative and penocin A display effective anti-Listeria activity in a model human gut environment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Taís M. Kuniyoshi, Paula M. O’Connor, Elaine Lawton, Dinesh Thapa, Beatriz Mesa-Pereira, Sara Abulu, Colin Hill, R. Paul Ross, Ricardo P. S. Oliveira, Paul D. Cotter
Chemical synthesis of penocin A, another bacteriocin that harbors a YGNGVX1CX2K/NX3X4C, (X1–4:polar uncharged or charged residues) pediocin box in its sequence was carried out in tandem to compare its antimicrobial efficacy against L. monocytogenes and the commensal gut microbiota. Penocin A is considered a silent bacteriocin as its mature form is not produced naturally due to the absence of a key gene(s) in the associated natural strains. Diep et al.23 revealed that heterologous expression of the pediocin inducer factor led to penocin A expression in Pediococcus pentosaceus 25745 and its inhibition rate against 71 strains from a collection of 8 Gram positive bacteria genera (Carnobacterium, Clostridioides, Enterococci, Lactobacilli, Lactococci, Leuconostoc, Listeriae, Pediococci) was lower (48%) than that presented by pediocin PA-1 (58%). This reduced antimicrobial activity against some important bacterial groups (e.g Lactobacilli, Lactococci, Leuconostoc) may be a desirable feature when used as a therapeutic agent. Here the anti-Listeria effects of pure forms of recombinant pediocin M31L, natural pediocin PA-1 and synthetic penocin A were each evaluated in an ex vivo model that simulates the human gut environment for the first time. This study verifies the efficiency of the pediocin variants against L. monocytogenes and highlights the merits of progressing to in vivo experiments.
Initiation and progression of Early-Stage microbial-driven membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors: a review
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Yuya Takimoto, Toru Miwa, Masashi Hatamoto
The relative abundance of some biofilm-forming bacteria was increased in mature biofilms (cake layer) compared with that in the activated sludge of MBR. These biofouling-associated bacteria are listed in Table 2. Proteobacteria are commonly detected in biofilms and are recognized as biofilm-forming bacteria in the treatment of synthetic, municipal, and pharmaceutical wastewater (Gao et al. 2013; Inaba et al. 2017; Takimoto et al. 2018; Huang et al. 2019). In cake or mature biofilms, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes are abundant (Ziegler et al. 2016; Choi et al. 2017; Takada et al. 2018; Matar et al. 2021). Morphologically, these phyla are of filamentous bacteria (e.g. Gordonia, Ca. Promineofilum, Anaerolineae, and Erysipelothrix). Furthermore, these filamentous bacteria play significant roles in the occurrence of membrane fouling via EPS production (Yao et al. 2021). Moreover, filamentous bacteria form thick but porous biofilms, resulting in low-pressure filtration (Banti et al. 2017). Additionally, filamentous bacteria can easily attach to biofilms and access the organic matter in biofilms or bulk sludge (Ziegler et al. 2016). The dominance of facultative anaerobic Firmicutes species (e.g. Carnobacterium and Exiguobacterium) and obligate anaerobic species (e.g. Clostridium) in mature biofilms suggests that mature biofilms form thick layers and partly anaerobic environments (Inaba et al. 2018; Takada et al. 2018). Additionally, the bacterial consortium of the cake layer gradually become similar to that of bulk sludge (Ziegler et al. 2016; Miwa et al. 2021). These results suggested that mature biofilms become the preferred environment for the bulk sludge bacteria with a higher relative abundance in the sludge, making the membrane surface preferable for the attachment of the sludge floc.