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Insecticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
As with the OP compounds, the carbamates are used as household and agricultural insecticides. The incidence of toxicity, routes of exposure, modes of encountering the agents, and distribution are similar to those of the OPs. Most carbamates display low dermal toxicity, except for aldicarb, which is highly toxic by both oral ingestion and dermal contact.
Military Chemical Casualty Treatment
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Timothy J. Byrne, Raymond Vazquez, Dan Boehm, Laukton Rimpel, Charles. G. Hurst
Many carbamates have been investigated for their effectiveness in animals and their safety in humans. Pyridostigmine was chosen and underwent extensive testing in humans. It has a 65 year safety record when used by over 16,000 myasthenic patients in the United States on a daily basis. Investigations indicated that it did not interfere with the performance of military tasks and caused no adverse physiological disturbances. The incidence of side effects from the drug during these studies was less than 5%.
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Carbamates are used as insecticides and fungicides. Maneb is a widely used fungicide in agriculture. Exposure of maneb (1 and 4 mg/kg BW/day, i.p.) for 9–18 days to male rats reduced testosterone production and CYP11A1 activity in Leydig cells.192 Carbendazim is a metabolite of benomyl, one of the most widespread environmental contaminants. Exposure to carbendazim (25 mg/kg BW/day) to male rats for 48 days significantly reduced testosterone levels and 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD3 activities without affecting serum LH levels.193 Exposure to carbendazim to rats also caused an increase in ROS production and the downregulation of Star mRNA levels. The addition of a flavonoid can prevent this, suggesting an ROS-inducing mechanism.194
Upadacitinib for the treatment of concomitant psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: a case series
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2023
Luigi Gargiulo, Luciano Ibba, Giulia Pavia, Jessica Avagliano, Andrea Cortese, Antonio Costanzo, Alessandra Narcisi
The third patient is a 50-year-old woman affected by psoriatic spondyloarthropathy and palmar psoriasis, previously treated with salazopyrin, methotrexate, ustekinumab, secukinumab and apremilast, unsuccessfully. She presented with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and some fissures on the palms/soles and fingers. Histopathology of a right sole’s biopsy showed ortho-parakeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia and concomitant spongiosis with a mixed dermal infiltrate. The patient reported an itch-NRS of 10/10 and a pain-VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) of 80/100. Patch tests revealed a delayed hypersensitivity for carbamates. In accordance with the Rheumatologist, we prescribed upadacitinib 15 mg/day. After four weeks, the patient reported a subjective improvement in symptoms and a reduction of hyperkeratosis.
Studies on oral subacute toxicity of cartap in male mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Laxman P. Sharma, Mayur P. Kadve, Madhu C. Lingaraju, Avinash G. Telang
Though cartap toxicity has been considered to be minimal, carbamates have been reported to have high mammalian toxicity, and the main target organs are brain, liver, skeletal muscles, and heart (Gupta 1994, Risher et al. 1987). In addition, kidney and reproductive functions have been reported to be adversely affected with carbamate exposure to rats (Kareem et al. 2007, Bindali and Kaliwal 2002). Cartap-induced cellular death in C2C12 cell line of mouse skeletal muscle has been shown to be mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Liao et al. 2006). Antioxidant systems neutralize ROS and reduce their damaging abilities but when there is any imbalance in oxidant and internal antioxidant defense mechanism oxidative stress will result which causes lipid peroxidation, cross linking of DNA and protein (Romero et al. 1998). Carbamates are also known to cause significant changes in total serum lipids, glucose, protein levels, AST, ALT, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities in mammals (Sadek et al. 1989, Fayez and Kilgore 1992, Chevalier et al. 1993). However, there are no known reports available on mid- or long-term toxic effects of cartap, a thiocarbamate in animal models. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of cartap on oxidative stress and histopathological alteration in vitals like liver, kidney, and brain of mice after 28 days oral exposure.
Differential interactions of carbamate pesticides with drug transporters
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Nelly Guéniche, Arnaud Bruyere, Mélanie Ringeval, Elodie Jouan, Antoine Huguet, Ludovic Le Hégarat, Olivier Fardel
Carbamate pesticides (aminocarb, carbofuran, chlorpropham and propamocarb, whose chemical structures are indicated in Figure 1), rhodamine 123, 6‐carboxyfluorescein (6‐CF), 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein (DCF), tetraethylammonium bromide (TEA), verapamil, probenecid, amitriptyline, fumitremorgin C, rifamycin SV, sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and glutarate were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). [1-14C]-TEA (specific activity 3.5 mCi/mmol) and [6,7-3H(N)]-estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) (specific activity 51.8 Ci/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer (Boston, MA, USA). Hoechst 33342 and carboxy‐2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein (CDCF) diacetate were obtained from Life Technologies (Villebon‐sur‐Yvette, France), whereas 8‐fluorescein‐cAMP (8‐FcA) was from BioLog Life Science Institute (Bremen, Germany) and 4‐(4‐(dimethylamino)styryl)‐N‐methylpyridinium iodide (4-DiASP) from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).