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Coronary Heart Disease/Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)/Ischemic Heart Disease/Coronary Atherosclerosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Treatment goals include lowering LDL to 70–100 mg/dL, triglycerides less than 150 mg/dl, and total cholesterol below 200 mg/dL typically using statins as a first-line treatment, while also lowering blood pressure below 140/90 mm Hg. A variety of medications are available to treat CAD. A primary goal in treatment is to reduce modifiable risk factors.
Automated Methods for Vessel Segmentation in X-ray Coronary Angiography and Geometric Modeling of Coronary Angiographic Image Sequences: A Survey
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Delaram Kahrobaei, Enrique Domínguez, Reza Soroushmehr, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine, 2022
Zijun Gao, Kritika Iyer, Lu Wang, Jonathan Gryak, C. Alberto Figueroa, Kayvan Najarian, Brahmajee K. Nallamothu, Reza Soroushmehr
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease and a leading cause of mortality globally (Anon n.d.). In 2016, it was reported to affect 330 million people and was responsible for 17.9 million deaths around the world with an upward trend (Nowbar et al. 2019). CAD occurs when plaque builds up in the coronary artery, thereby restricting blood flow to the heart (Libby & Theroux 2005). The narrowing is clinically termed stenosis and can lead to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients in the cardiac muscle cells, eventually causing myocardial infarction, or heart attack (Thygesen et al. 2007). X-ray coronary angiography (XCA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography are the main techniques for imaging coronary arteries. As the gold standard of CAD diagnosis and a crucial part of the interventional process, XCA locates the blockage by releasing radio-opaque contrast agents into the coronary arteries through a catheter in a procedure known as heart (cardiac) catheterization (Grossman 1986). Trained cardiologists then assess the severity of blockage in arteries based on select frames from XCA videos – typically via visual estimation.
Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
CAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis, in which there are subintimal atheromas in the large and medium-sized coronary arteries. Vascular endothelial dysfunction promotes atherosclerosis and coronary artery spasm. This dysfunction is a cause of angina when there is no epicardial coronary artery stenosis or spasm – known as syndrome X. This syndrome is cardiac microvascular constriction or dysfunction, and causes angina even when the epicardial coronary arteries appear normal during angiography. Rare causes of CAD include coronary artery embolism, aneurysm as seen in Kawasaki disease, dissection, and vasculitis as seen in systemic lupus erythematosus or syphilis. Risk factors for CAD are increased LDL cholesterol, low levels of HDL cholesterol in the blood, diabetes mellitus (especially type 2), high levels of apoprotein B, high blood levels of CRP, lack of physical exercise, obesity, and smoking. Risks for CAD are also increased by smoking tobacco products, a diet that is high in calories and fat but has low vegetables, fruits, and fibers, insufficient dietary vitamins C, D, and E, insufficient omega-3, and stress.
Factors correlating with self-care behaviors among patients with coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2023
Imad Abu Khader, Malakeh Z. Malak, Mohammad Asia, Mohammed Jallad, Hisham Zahran
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the most serious health problems on a global level. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 17.9 million annual deaths due to CVDs worldwide, which formed 32% of the total deaths (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of these CVDs and is considered a major cause of mortality worldwide (Malakar et al., 2019). CAD refers to the lowering of blood supply to the heart due to plaque (cholesterol deposits and other elements in the arteries), which causes narrowing in the heart arteries and produces a partial or total blockage of the blood flow (Malakar et al., 2019). In Palestine, overall deaths among adults and older people are related to CVDs, especially Ischemic Heart Diseases (32.4% of all deaths) (Global Health Metrics, 2020).
Association of E-Selectin gene polymorphisms and serum E-Selectin level with risk of coronary artery disease in lur population of Iran
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Mobin Khoshbin, Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi, Mostafa Cheraghi, Negar Nouryazdan, Mehdi Birjandi, Gholamreza Shahsavari
For other factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking were associated with increased risk of CAD. Nevertheless, familial history of CAD was not an associated factor. It shows that CAD is a multifactorial disease. The risk of alcohol use could not be significantly detected because of low number of alcohol use in Iran and consequently low power of the analysis. Higher BMIs were strongly associated with CAD. No significant difference for systolic and diastolic blood pressure was found. Among the lipid profile factors, LDL-C showed the strongest association. Higher levels of FBS were also associated with CAD that might be due to coexistence with diabetes mellitus. All of these laboratory factors showed weaker diagnostic value in comparison to serum level of soluble E-selectin based on ROC classification and also in comparison to age.
Expression analysis of inflammatory response-associated genes in coronary artery disease
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Nader Ebadi, Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard, Mohammad Taheri, Shahram Arsang-Jang, Mir Davood Omrani
CAD is caused by narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood and oxygen to the heart as a consequence of atherosclerosis (Galkina and Ley 2009). Significant numbers of CAD-associated events have been reported to happen in apparently normal individuals with a few or none of the traditional risk factors, including dysregulated cholesterol level. As a consequence, studies have introduced new risk factors for atherosclerosis (Clearfield 2005). Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized elastic and muscular arteries characterised by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall of these arteries. These plaques are accumulated with inflammatory cells and lipid (Bentzon et al.2014, Tabas and Lichtman 2017). Consequently, CAD is considered as a progressive inflammatory disease (Gutiérrez et al.2013) in which dysregulation of immune responses have crucial roles (Yazdani et al.2019).