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Cystic Fibrosis and Pancreatic Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Elissa M. Downs, Jillian K. Mai, Sarah Jane Schwarzenberg
CF is an autosomal recessive, genetic multi-system disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene produces protein that functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that produce bodily secretions such as mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes. Since this channel transports chloride ions into and out of cells, it controls the flow of water and hence the amount of liquid in these bodily secretions. Mutations in the gene lead to defective proteins that prevent the flow of chloride and of water producing abnormally thick mucus. These mutations are classified by the part of the protein pathway that is defective (see Table 19.1) and lead to varying phenotypes of disease. These are responsible for the prominent pulmonary and gastrointestinal manifestations. The most common mutation is F508del that leads to an abnormally folded CFTR protein.
Sexual abuse
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Testing for STIs is dictated by exposure to potentially infected bodily secretions. Testing can be indicated by history, trauma on anogenital exam, positive genitourinary symptoms on review, or a shared environment with an STI-positive victim or perpetrator. Digital-genital contact alone is unlikely to transmit infection. On rare occasions, the presence of an STI is the only “evidence” that inappropriate contact occurred; the presence of an STI in a sample from a prepubertal patient outside the neonatal period suggests inappropriate contact. In the adolescent assault victim population, STI screening is recommended, not only for detecting potentially prevalent infections, but also for managing potential consensual sexual partners and monitoring reportable conditions (Table 25.2).29 Gavril and colleagues reported on a group of over 700 prepubertal and adolescent patients in which 17.9% of those sexual abuse/assault victims were diagnosed with an STI; the authors note that most of these patients had normal or nonspecific exams, data that encourage a clinician to have a low threshold for STI evaluation.30
Alim. (περὶ τροφῆς, de alimento)
Published in Elizabeth M. Craik, The ‘Hippocratic’ Corpus, 2014
A riddling expression of bodily organic unity declares the unity of common flow and common breath (σύρροια, σύμπνοια 23). The prominence of fluids here is in accord with the presentation of moist elements at beginning and end (1, 55), and indeed throughout. The parallelism in terms for juices in ingested matter and juices in the body is striking (χυλοί and χυμοί 11, 14). Bodily secretions (ἀποκρίσιες) are comprehensively listed (17). In a list of bodily parts reached by nutriment, liquid parts occupy considerable space: these include fat, blood, phlegm, marrow, brain and spinal fluid and further the list concludes ‘it reaches also heat, breath and moisture’ (7). Similarly, bodily components with potential to be beneficial or noxious are listed as blood, juices and milk (40). The final words of the collection, with their stress on moisture as the vehicle for nutriment, follow immediately on statements that pus and the purulent are nutriment (in healing wounds), and that marrow is nutriment (in healing broken bones); it seems that an attempt is being made to find for all situations a liquid stuff which can be said to act as nutriment.
Fear of contamination, perceived social support and physical health of health social workers in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional survey
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2022
Amy Y. M Chow, Margaret H. P Suen, Keyuan Jiao, Yong Hao Ng, Juan Wang, Cecilia L.W. Chan
This study used the Contamination Fear Core Dimensions Scale. The avoidance of harm or contamination seems to be an essential protection for health social workers’ physical well-being in the study. The items for the dimension of harm avoidance included “I often worry that I could accidentally be infected by septic blood, abandoned needles or syringes or other used medical supplies,” “I often worry that I could be contaminated by or can contaminate others with toxic or harmful substances,” “I worry that contamination with bodily secretions could cause disease or other specific harmful consequences” and “I often worry about getting sick, or infecting others, after contact of germs or bacteria.” (Melli et al., 2015). Although the statements were generic rather than specific to COVID-19, it vividly outlines the sources of fear rather than the outcome. These could provide clear intervention directions. Fear of contamination was may not necessarily induce a negative impact. Alijanzadeh et al. (2021) found that fear of contamination was related to safety behaviors improvement (Alijanzadeh et al., 2021). Thus, an optimal level of fear might still be helpful.
Current progress of miRNA-derivative nucleotide drugs: modifications, delivery systems, applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Charles Asakiya, Liye Zhu, Jieyu Yuhan, Longjiao Zhu, Kunlun Huang, Wentao Xu
Since mdCNDs are in their infancy, advancing mdCNDs research will provide substantive mechanistic approaches to improve upon their modifications and delivery to circumvent this challenge of poor diagnosis and instability in blood serum and delivery. Also, with greater insight into developing miRNA-related drugs, pharmaceutical companies can produce more of these drugs to supplement the already existing ones in the market, thereby reducing the scarcity and high cost of drugs in the world market. Changes can be realistically implemented into clinical/research if the snags of realistic trials, generalizability, clinical research freedom of information, precision medicine, operational complexity, and many other concerns are addressed genuinely. The degradation of miRNAs by nucleases, short half-life, inadequate modification, and the lack of specificity of mdCNDs prevent them from the clinic. Also, the verification of candidate miRNAs in research study cohorts and the precise quantification of low levels of miRNA in bodily secretions are the primary obstacles to their use as clinical biomarkers.
Large-scale, cross-flow based isolation of highly pure and endocytosis-competent extracellular vesicles
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Ryan P. McNamara, Carolina P. Caro-Vegas, Lindsey M. Costantini, Justin T. Landis, Jack D. Griffith, Blossom A. Damania, Dirk P. Dittmer
Exosomes are distinguished from other EV because of their intracellular origin. Exosomes arise from the inward budding of endosomes into multivesicular bodies (MVB). The exosome-loaded MVB then traffic to the plasma membrane and releases the exosomes into the cell surroundings. Exosomes and other classes of EVs are eventually taken up by recipient cells and the packaged contents are unloaded. Whereas the majority of EVs are likely involved in modulating the proximal microenvironment, akin to synaptic vesicles, a significant fraction circulates systemically and can affect distant organs/tissues throughout the body [7,11–13]. EVs are present in bodily secretions such as milk, urine, semen or saliva. Despite significant progress, many of the fundamental molecular details of EVs biogenesis, uptake and trafficking remain unknown [14,15]. This represents a gap in our understanding that prevents successful applications in medicine.