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Cry and response
Published in Anthony Korner, Communicative Exchange, Psychotherapy and the Resonant Self, 2020
Humans depend for a long time on the asymmetrical relationship between infant and carer, requiring extra parental care relative to other species. The impetus for this development seems to have been “provided by the evolution of a game the mother could play with her baby, which gave her pleasure, so rewarding her behaviour” (Meares, 2016, p. 10). People may seek and find significance in this game and its cultural elaborations at any age. It is the human calling.
Evolution, Natural Selection, and Behavior
Published in Gail S. Anderson, Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior, 2019
Many species of animals have very short life spans, for example, the mayfly, which has just one day to mate, lay eggs, and die. If its survival and reproduction depended on learning something, it would have very low reproductive success. Moreover, many species of animal have no or very low parental care and so cannot learn from their parents.
The Productivity of Care
Published in Christine M. Koggel, Joan Orme, Care Ethics, 2019
My critical interpretive inquiry1 draws on a multi-method approach: semi-structured in-depth interviews, weekly diaries, participant observation, online discussion forums between members of parents’ associations, ongoing conversations with the respondents beyond the interview context, key-informants interviews, secondary sources on informal care and parenthood collected from adoption agencies and local associations, journal and newspaper articles, and the web. Between winter 2005 and summer 2007, I interviewed 80 caregivers, mostly living in the Philadelphia urban and suburban areas.2 The respondents were different in terms of gender, sexual orientation, and marital status. Both child care and elderly care were included in my study, although parental care is the main kind of informal care I explored. The sample included gay/lesbian caregivers not only because they have been thus far excluded from the conceptual category of ‘normal’ caregivers and from ‘normal’ research on informal care, but also because they represented a key-subject to visualize the less explored rationales of care and the crucial role of emotion in the reproduction of social inequality.3 The goal of the empirical part of the research was to gain insights into how emotional stratification is reproduced in specific kinds of interaction ritual chains.
Nutritional stress timing differentially programs cognitive abilities in young adult male mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Bruno G. Berardino, Fabricio Ballarini, Mariela Chertoff, Lionel M. Igaz, Eduardo T. Cánepa
The impact of chronic exposure to environmental adversities on brain regions involved in cognition and mental health depends on whether it occurs during the perinatal period, childhood, adolescence or adulthood [1–3]. In fact, there are periods in which the brain has increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli. During these periods, the brain exhibits great plasticity and the environment can shape neural circuits determining the structural and functional aspects of the brain and behavior throughout the lifespan of the individual. It is through this programming effect on the central nervous system that life experiences are thought to confer either vulnerability or resilience regarding later psychopathology [4–6]. Indeed, an environment enriched with social stimulation, suitable nutrition and parental care provides the opportunity for optimal brain development. Conversely, adverse experiences such as extreme poverty, nutritional deficiency, social deprivation or abuse interfere with normal brain growth [7–9].
Greater male vulnerability to stunting? Evaluating sex differences in growth, pathways and biocultural mechanisms
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Other care practices, such as supervision and hygiene behaviours, that may contribute to child stunting through pathogenic or dietary pathways, may also differ by the sex of children and their caretakers. Research in Tanzania, for example, found that fathers favoured sons in their likelihood of washing, feeding and supervising, while mothers’ care was more frequent and unrelated to child sex (Hassan et al. 2019). The authors interpret these parental care differences as a consequence of the higher returns to investment in sons for fathers compared to mothers and local gender norms about physical care provision. These differential aspects of maternal versus paternal care highlight the within-household differences in care that boys and girls may experience and that may differentially shape their risk of stunting.
The unique experience of home for parents and carers of children with disabilities
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2018
Tammy Aplin, Heloise Thornton, Louise Gustafsson
Inclusion criteria included being a parent or primary carer of a child with a disability, who had received home modifications within the last two years; were able to provide informed consent; had adequate skills in understanding spoken and written English and were able to read and write in English. Interviews were conducted with five participants in total, one mother and father pair, a father, a mother and a grandmother, each with one child who had a disability. As the grandmother within this study provided full-time parental care for her grandson for the purposes of this paper participants are referred to as parents and carers. All children had complex care needs and all were wheelchair users. The modifications completed within the families homes and further details of the participants are provided in Table 1. Currently in Australia home modifications to private homes are most often provided by government funded community organizations with wide variations in the level and type of assistance provided from each state and territory [13]. The families included within this study received home modifications from a community major home modification service provider in Queensland, Australia.