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Exercise testing in females
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Practical methods are easy and affordable to implement. Calendar-based counting is the simplest tool, only requiring logging bleed days. From this data, menstrual cycle length can be calculated alongside bleeding patterns. Calendar-based counting is also required to support other monitoring tools (e.g., basal body temperature, urinary ovulation kits). If appropriate, calendar-based counting can be modified to narrate physical, physiological, pathological and psychological symptoms, e.g., cervical mucus, breast tenderness, menstrual cramps, bloating, mood, fatigue and physical performance. Over time (>3 cycles), consistent monitoring can be used, retrospectively and preemptively, to identify menstrual patterns and associations. Unfortunately, due to the subjective nature of these monitoring tools, physiological confirmation of menstrual phases and/or ovulation is not possible. Alternatively, tracking basal body temperature can infer ovulation and, with calendar-based counting, menstrual phases. Twenty-four hours prior to ovulation, basal body temperature reaches its thermal nadir, followed by a 0.2–0.5℃ post-ovulatory rise, which plateaus and then returns preceding menstruation.
Testing the female athlete
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Practical methods are easy and affordable to implement. Calendar-based counting is the simplest tool, only requiring logging bleed days. From these data, menstrual cycle length can be calculated alongside bleeding patterns. Calendar-based counting is also required to support other monitoring tools (e.g., basal body temperature, urinary ovulation kits). If appropriate, calendar-based counting can be modified to narrate physical, physiological, pathological and psychological symptoms, e.g., cervical mucus, breast tenderness, menstrual cramps, bloating, mood, fatigue and physical performance. Over time (more than three cycles) consistent monitoring can be used, retrospectively and pre-emptively, to identify menstrual patterns and associations. Unfortunately, due to the subjective nature of these monitoring tools, physiological confirmation of menstrual phases and/or ovulation is not possible. Alternatively, tracking basal body temperature can infer ovulation and, with calendar-based counting, menstrual phases. Twenty-four hours prior to ovulation, basal body temperature reaches its thermal nadir, followed by a 0.2°–0.5°C post-ovulatory rise, which plateaus and then returns preceding menstruation.
Family planning
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Since Squire (1868) described an increase in the basal body temperature in the second half of the cycle, it became apparent that ovulation could be detected. Avoidance of intercourse at that time led to the concept of ‘natural family planning’. Ogino (1930) of Japan, estimated a method of determining the fertile period later known as the ‘calendar method’. Seguy and Simmonet (1933) related cervical mucous change to ovulation. Their research prompted John Billings (an Australian ear, nose and throat surgeon) and his wife Evelyn to investigate the use of cervical mucous changes in the prediction of ovulation as a method of family planning (Billings et al., 1972).
Hormonal and natural contraceptives: a review on efficacy and risks of different methods for an informed choice
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Andrea R. Genazzani, Tiziana Fidecicchi, Domenico Arduini, Andrea Giannini, Tommaso Simoncini
FABM of family planning are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) [11]: Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle days. Fertility awareness-based methods can be used in combination with abstinence or barrier methods during the fertile time. [11] The calendar (or rhythm) method is the earliest form of contraception. It is based on past cycle lengths and calculates the estimated fertile days of the menstrual cycle. Obviously, given the high biological variability in the length of the menstrual cycle, particularly in some periods of a woman’s life, this method is the least effective and is usually overcome [12]. Another early approach was the basal body temperature method: it is based on the observation that the basal body temperature rises slightly after ovulation; therefore, intercourses are possible if the basal body temperature, measured on waking and before any activity, is elevated above baseline (i.e. the temperature of the first day of the menstrual cycle) for three consecutive days. This prolonged rise means that ovulation has already occurred [12]. More precise FABMs have since been formulated, namely the Billing ovulation method and the symptothermal method.
Ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate or letrozole following laparoscopy in infertile women with minimal to mild endometriosis: a prospective randomised controlled trial
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Lu Zhou, Jing Fu, Dong Liu, Qiuyi Wang, Hengxi Chen, Shiyuan Yang, Wei Huang
All participants underwent operative laparoscopy under general anaesthesia. During the procedure, the ectopic lesions were excised or cauterised by monopolar or bipolar electro cauterisation. Pelvic adhesions were lysed to restore normal pelvic anatomy; hydrotubation with methylene blue was performed to confirm patency of the fallopian tube and finally 2000 ml 0.9% saline thoroughly washed the pelvis. All participants were randomised to three groups. Control: with no ovulation induction; LTZ: 5 mg of Letrozole daily for 5 days starting at day 3 of menses; CC: 50 mg of CC daily for 5 days starting at day 3 of menses. All of the three groups monitored basal body temperature in menstrual cycle and were submitted to daily ultrasound scan from day 10 of menses. Ovulation induction for each group continued up to 3 cycles until pregnancy.
Does Interest in Sex Peak at Mid-Cycle in Ovulatory Menstrual Cycles of Healthy, Community Dwelling Women? An 11-Month Prospective Observational Study
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2021
Allison B. Macbeth, Azita Goshtasebi, G. William Mercer, Jerilynn C. Prior
Because progesterone, the ovarian hormone secreted in large amounts following ovulation and during the luteal phase, is thermogenic and raises the core or basal temperature by a measurable amount (about 0.2 degrees Celsius) (Prior et al., 1990), we transformed the (old fashioned) “basal body temperature” into a quantitatively analyzed tool. In the original study (Prior et al., 1990), regularly cycling women (n = 113) tracked their Quantitative Basal Temperature© (QBT—see explanation and validation below) for two consecutive menstrual cycles to assess cycle regularity and ovulatory eligibility. Eighty-one women were eligible for the study because they were consistently ovulatory with two cycles of normal lengths and normal luteal phase lengths (≥10 days) (Vollman, 1977).