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Tuberculosis
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
James Kent is another name, highly respected in the field of homeopathy. Lectures on homeopathic philosophy by James Kent are popular. Kent said in his lectures,Tubercles come first and the bacillus is secondary. It has never been found prior to the tubercle, but it follows that. Bacilli are not the cause of disease, they never come until after the disease … The bacteria theory would make it appear that the all wise Creator has sent these microorganisms to make man sick … Hahnemann did not adopt any such theory of bacteriology … If we could succeed today in putting a fluid into the economy that would destroy the bacteria that consumptive would soon die.(Kent, 1993, pp. 52–53)
Healthcare Policy in the United States
Published in Kant Patel, Mark Rushefsky, Healthcare Politics and Policy in America, 2019
The rise of bacteriology and advances in pathology, physiology, and chemistry helped enhance the understanding of the causes of various diseases. The bacteriological revolution combined with other developments in medicine strengthened the position of the medical profession and physicians. The American Medical Association played a major role in this development (Patel and Rushefsky 2005a).
The Russo–Williamson Thesis
Published in Donald Gillies, Causality, Probability, and Medicine, 2019
Already by 1947 many researchers in the area had become aware that there might be a problem with streptomycin therapy (see Florey, 1961, pp. 136–7). While some antibiotics such as penicillin could dispose of the pathogenic bacteria, which they targeted, in a week or two, streptomycin took many weeks, even months, to deal with a patient’s tubercle bacilli. Now Darwinian evolution as applied to bacteriology strongly suggested that, in such a time period, strains of the tubercle bacillus might develop which would be resistant to streptomycin. Such resistant strains posed a very considerable threat to streptomycin therapy. They might well increase in numbers producing a relapse, and, in this new condition, a fresh treatment with streptomycin would obviously be useless.
Factors Involved in the onset of infection following bacterially contaminated platelet transfusions
Published in Platelets, 2021
Joels Wilson-Nieuwenhuis, Mohamed El-Mohtadi, Kurtis Edwards, Kathryn Whitehead, Nina Dempsey-Hibbert
Universal bacterial screening of PCs within the Blood Bank is mandatory throughout the shelf life of the product. The BacT/ALERT® automated bacterial detection system is the most widespread platform for detection of bacterial contamination globally and is the only platform used within the UK. Since its introduction to routine screening, BacT/ALERT® has proven to be a rapid, automated, low-cost method, capable of handling the high throughput within the blood centers and has allowed an extension of PC shelf life from 5 to 7 days, thereby reducing PC outdating and wastage. Upon PC production, aerobic and anaerobic culture aliquots are loaded on to the BacT/ALERT® where the colorimetric system detects changes in pH following the production of CO2 from proliferating microorganisms[46]. A decrease in pH indicates a positive result (a screen reactive). Further confirmatory testing is performed at the Bacteriology Reference Laboratory, in order to identify the species present. PCs are quarantined for a minimum of 36 hours post-donation in the UK before testing begins to allow adequate time for bacterial growth. Negative PCs are released after a further 6 hours labeled ‘negative-to-date’ but the aliquots continue to be tested for the remainder of the unit’s shelf-life (7 days from donation) and the unit may be recalled if found to be positive.
Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Karsten Becker, Anna Both, Samira Weißelberg, Christine Heilmann, Holger Rohde
Coccoid microorganisms that meet the current criteria of CoNS have been observed since the early beginnings of the bacteriology. While the first report of the Staphylococcus (pyogenes) albus in 1884 by the German surgeon Friedrich J. Rosenbach might have been rather a non-pigmented S. aureus strain, William H. Welch, a U.S. pathologist, defined S. epidermidis albus somewhat later in 1891 as colonizing germ of aseptic wounds [6,7]. However, the actual moment of the definition of the term ‘coagulase-negative staphylococci’ came in 1940 as the British bacteriologist Ronald W. Fairbrother introduced the production of coagulase as a key principle for differentiating staphylococci [8]. Till the 1970 s, the number of recognized CoNS species was limited to only two species, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus, however with vague and changing classification [1]. Starting with this decade, a growing number of species and subspecies of the CoNS group have been described without foreseeable end, reaching 53 validly described species in 2019 (Figure 1) including several species, which are subdivided into subspecies (Table 1). It is not hard to predict, that the growing interest in environmental and animal-associated biocenoses due to the increasing acceptance of the ‘One Health’ concept [9] will further increase the number of staphylococcal species, particularly CoNS.
The management of anti-infective agents in intensive care units: the potential role of a ‘fast’ pharmacology
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Dario Cattaneo, Alberto Corona, Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa, Cristina Gervasoni, Danijela Kocic, Deborah Je Marriott
These concepts are likely to become even more important in the management of infections in ICU patients considering the new definitions of intermediate (I) microorganisms recently revised by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Intermediate microorganisms are now categorized as ‘Susceptible, increased exposure’ when there is a high likelihood of therapeutic success if exposure to the agent is increased by adjusting the dosing regimen or the concentration at the site of infection; within this definition, exposure is a function of how the mode of administration, dose, dosing interval, infusion time, as well as distribution and excretion of the antimicrobial agent will influence the infecting organism at the site of infection. In other words, this new definition emphasizes the importance of optimizing antimicrobial exposure through the application of the above mentioned PK/PD targets. Of course, the local epidemiology should be considered when there is no positive bacteriology (no MIC available) and physicians need to start with empirical treatment. This concept has been added in the revised manuscript.