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Carbohydrate Histochemistry
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Bradley A. Schulte, Russell A. Harley, Samuel S. Spicer
Changes similar to those observed in emphysema were seen in areas of the lung affected by bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonitis (Fig. 37). The selective loss of sialic acid at the surface of type I and not type II cells could be attributed either to a decrease of sialyl transferase activity in the injured type I cells or to cleavage of sialic acid from the surface of only type I cells by bacterial neuraminidase activity. In the latter event, a plausible explanation for the relatively high level of cleavage at the surface of type I but not type II cells may be the protection afforded against bacterial sialidase by a sulfated GC similar to that coating the sialoglycoconjugate-rich glycocalyx of the type II cells in the rat, as discussed earlier.
Clinical challenges and promising therapies for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Hanny Al‐Samkari, Gerald A. Soff
While diagnosis of CIT is often straightforward, a number of other etiologies must be considered in the differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia in the cancer patient [1,2]. Tumor metastases to the bone marrow are common in breast, prostate, lung cancer, and lymphoma [15], and should be considered in patients with slow declines over time in the baseline platelet count that appear unrelated to treatment-related fluctuations. Patients with cancer frequently develop infectious complications due to immunosuppression, compromise of tissue planes by invading tumor, and iatrogenic etiologies such as indwelling catheters and procedures. Infections may result in thrombocytopenia via a number of mechanisms, including consumptive coagulopathy, the action of bacterial neuraminidase on platelets resulting in their clearance by the Ashwell-Morell receptor in the liver, and bone marrow suppression [16,17]. Medications aside from cancer chemotherapy – such as heparin agents and antibiotics – may result in thrombocytopenia, as can blood product transfusions via precipitation of post-transfusion purpura [17]. Finally, other tumor and treatment-related etiologies, including radiotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (in particular, when the pelvis has been irradiated), immune thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic microangiopathy must be considered.