China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Potential of Mycochemicals in the Prevention and Control of Microbial Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Polysaccharides from basidiomycetes have been exploited as functional food substances, and examples include lentinan from Lentinus edodes, schizophyllan from Schizophyllum commune, pleuran from Pleurotus species, calocyban from Calocybe indica and ganoderan from Ganoderma lucidum(Villares et al. 2012; Zeb and Lee 2021). They were considered as the outstanding representatives of D-glucans with the common (1→3) or (1→6) β-linked glucose backbones and distinguished by different patterns and degrees of branches. These have several health benefits such as mitigating blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Fungal exopolysaccharides produced by species of Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Fusarium sp., Pleurotus spp., Inonotus obliquus and Aureobasidium pullulans are of great uses in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industries due to their preservatives, bioherbicides and microbicides activities (Mahapatra and Banerjee 2013).
Fungal Lipids
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
Although rarely investigated, hydrocarbons have been reported among surface lipids of a diversity of fungal structures, mainly in higher fungi. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, in amounts up to 12 mg g-1 d.w. of cell wall, occur with other lipids in spores of various fungi, e.g. Botrytis fabae, Alternaria tenuis, Rhizopus stolonifer,129,130 rusts131,132 and smuts133,134 but appear to be absent from spores of powdery mildews (Erysiphe and Sphaerotheca spp.), Nectria galligena, Penicillium expansum and Mucor rouxii.129,135,136 The amount and composition of these fungal hydrocarbons varies with species and growth conditions, generally including a homologous series of even- or odd-numbered alkanes with chain lengths in the range C15 to C36. In addition, branched-chain compounds have been found in surface lipids of Aureobasidium pullulans108 and in some smut spores.133 Since hydrocarbons have also been detected in wall material of vegetative mycelium,137 sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum108 and the woody, bracket fruit-bodies of Fomes ignarius, growing on Populus tremuloides (poplar),138 it is very likely that further investigation may show such compounds to be more widely distributed than realised at present.
Analytical Testing and Evaluation of Capsules
Published in Larry L. Augsburger, Stephen W. Hoag, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2017
Stuart L. Cantor, Asish K. Dutta
Pullulan is a linear, neutral exopolysaccharide produced by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. This polymer consists of maltotriose repeating units joined by α-1,6 linkages. The internal glucose units within maltotriose are connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. The molecular weight for pullulan ranges from 4.5 × 104 to 6.0 × 105 daltons and depends on the growth conditions of the organism. Pullulan is non-hygroscopic and non-reducing, is soluble in hot and cold water but generally insoluble in organic solvents, and has a glass transition temperature of over 150°C [16]. Its unique linkage pattern grants pullulan films several distinctive physical properties such as mucoadhesive ability, the capacity to form fibers and thin biodegradeable films, which are transparent and impermeable to oxygen [43].
The important role of fungi in inflammatory bowel diseases
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Sui Wang, Yu-Rong Zhang, Yan-Bo Yu
The most represented genera in CD patients are Candida, Debaryomyces, Saccharomyces, Malassezia, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Fusarium, Sporobolomyces, Trichosporon, Wallemia, unidentified Filobasidiaceae, and unidentified Xylariales. Among these genera, Candida is associated with esophagitis, oral mucositis, and even gastric ulcers, the main pathogens causing fungal infections in IBD. Some species of Malassezia have been frequently identified in the gut of a human. Interestingly, the genome of Malassezia shows similar genes to Candida albicans, coding for secreted enzymes [3,17,18]. Malassezia is responsible for the increase in Basidiomycetes in CD patients. Eurotiomycetes and species, such as Aureobasidium pullulans, Sirococcus conigenus, and Chaetomium globosum, are only present in CD patients [4,12]. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) are common in CD patients [19–22], and a previous study showed that S. cerevisiae was the richest fungal species in both the CD and non-diseased first-degree relatives (NCDR) groups, the abundance of the non-pathogenic yeast S. cerevisiae tended to increase in NCDR individuals [23].
In Vitro Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and a riboflavin/UVA Combination on Fungal Agents of Keratitis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Zeynep Kunt, Meltem Yağmur, Hazal Kandemir, Inan Harbiyeli, Elif Erdem, Ayşe Kalkancı, G.Sybren De Hoog, Macit Ilkit
CXL has been evaluated as a treatment for mycotic keratitis, but contradicting results have been reported in the literature.15,24–31 Tabibian et al.25 reported the successful use of CXL as a first-line and sole treatment against early keratitis by Aureobasidium pullulans. Similarly, in an experimental animal study, Hao et al.26 reported that CXL combined with liposomal AMB exerted beneficial effects on mycotic corneal ulcers in rabbits by alleviating corneal inflammation, accelerating corneal repair, and shortening the course of disease. Zhu et al.27 reported that CFUs of cultured suspensions of F. solani declined after CXL treatment in mice and that there was an improvement of corneal lesions and ulceration scores and a reduction in infiltration of the corneal tissue with inflammatory cells. Furthermore, when Özdemir et al.28 compared the antifungal efficacy of CXL and VRC in rabbits, they determined that both CXL and VRC were effective, but that there were fewer hyphae and non-specific stromal changes (as oedema) in the pathological cross sections from CXL-treated subgroups. In contrast, when Uddaraju et al.15 assessed the efficacy of CXL as an adjuvant to antifungal therapy in non-resolving, stromal mycotic keratitis, they determined that CXL did not improve outcomes.
Optimization of taste-masked dapoxetine oral thin films using factorial design: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Ibrahim A. El-said, Ahmed A. Aboelwafa, Omaima N. ElGazayerly
Dapoxetine HCl (Batch no. 515DA0F001) was gifted from Al-Andalous Company, Egypt. AmberLiteTM IRP69 (10–150 µm) was procured from Dow Chemical Company, USA. Pullulan (Aureobasidium Pullulans) was procured from International Laboratory, USA. Maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent 13–17), glycerol (Ph. Eur.), and aspartame were procured from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company, USA. Polysorbate 80, L-menthol 99%, and citric acid were procured from Alfa Aesr, Germany. Chlorophyll E141 "Green" was procured from RD Health Ingredients Co., China. Absolute ethanol was acquired from Prolabo, France. All materials were utilized as received and all solutions were formulated using double-distilled water.